The city wall of Lastra a Signa: integrated digital survey methodologiesThe survey of the Lastra a Signa city walls (built between the second half of 1300 and the first half of 1400) is the result of three different survey campaigns made in 2006-2007-2008 and of the following data processing carried out as part of a Master thesis. It is a paradigmatic example of the overcoming of the concept of “survey as a mere measurement and graphic representation of a certain element”, by using a methodology protocol. At that time, survey operations became more complex because it was necessary to coordinate with a scientific basis the different survey phases: preliminary documentation, data taking with several instruments, data processing, data filing and cataloguing, two-dimensional representation of plans, cross-sections and elevations, wall decay interpretation and building materials analysis. The survey subject became a dynamic and ever-changing process, thanks to the introduction of digital survey and the availability of new technologies. This paper describes the methodologies that were used in each different part of the survey campaign, of the data cataloguing operations and of the representation process, underlining the importance of the strict hierarchy of the acquired and rendered data. This hierarchy allowed to manage information obtained from topographic, laser, direct and photographic survey, and then to discretise, clean, georeference and make two-dimensional representations of the acquired data. Ultimately, it allowed creating a database that contains all these elements and ensures that the archived data can be updated in the future.

This paper concerns the path of knowledge that leads to the understanding of the morphology and evolution of the archaeological area discovered in the 1960s below the parish church of Gropina (AR). By dealing with archaeological surveying methods, the attention is focused on the digital survey technologies used, integrating data from laser scanner instruments with photogrammetric ones. The morphological base was necessary for the preparation of stratigraphic analyses, and allowed us to check the previous studies carried out on the building to extract a periodized planimetry. Finally, the digital drawing technologies have allowed us to hypothesize the schematic evolutionary models of the different phases of the building, and to use the digital survey to create a virtual platform through which to interact with the archaeological site, which is now closed to visitors.

Desde 2017 a Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de São Paulo e o Dipartimento di Architettura da Università degli Studi di Firenze desenvolvem um projeto de cooperação didática e científica com uso de tecnologia laser scanner 3D para a elaboração de documentação histórica do patrimônio arquitetônico no centro de São Paulo. O projeto levou à realização de laboratórios teórico-práticos e à criação de uma disciplina optativa de graduação voltada para a inserção dos resultados da cooperação acadêmica dentro da oferta formativa das duas instituições. A iniciativa, com a participação de uma equipe italiana e de uma brasileira, formadas por docentes, pesquisadores e alunos de graduação e de pós-graduação, já auxilia a produção de trabalhos finais de graduação e de pesquisas de mestrado e doutorado nas duas instituições. Neste texto serão apresentados três casos de estudo de edifícios históricos do centro de São Paulo, que foram objetos dos laboratórios: o Edifício Baraúna, na Avenida São João, a Sucursal do Grande Hotel no Largo do Café, o Solar da Marquesa de Santos, sede do Museu da Cidade de São Paulo, na Rua Roberto Simonsen. Por meio de levantamento realizado com tecnologia laser scanner 3 D, integrado com método fotogramétrico e métrico manual, foi possível implementar uma metodologia de documentação histórica capaz de contribuir para a abertura de novas perspectivas historiográficas e servir como subsídio para o estúdio e o planejamento de ações de preservação, restauro e reutilização do patrimônio edificado.

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Digital survey of the fortifications in PiombinoThis paper deals with the documentation and digital survey of fortifications in the historic city of Piombino. During the Renaissance the fortified perimeter of the city was considerably enlarged, both because of the will of the Lords of Piombino, the Appiani, to build a fortified citadel, deeming the previous urban palace inadequate for the ruling family, and to improve the defenses by land with the construction of a rivellino in front of the north door and of a fortress to the east. The defenses, conquered by Valentino’s troops in 1502, were redesigned by Leonardo da Vinci, as documented in the pages of Code II of Madrid, which contains drawings and calculations for the construction of the works. The present project, started in April 2018, plans to carry out an accurate digital survey of fortifications, in order to provide the basis for graphic documentation on which to base further cognitive investigations, from archaeological ones to diagnostic ones. The survey operations were carried out with today’s digital technologies, laser scanners and cameras, creating reliable point clouds and three-dimensional models mapped with texture, from which to extract 2D drawings. The study of the sources, of the texts of Leonardo’s scholars and accurate archaeological investigations will provide the opportunity to further analyze Leonardo’s intervention on the still existing structures.

The project of the digital survey of the fortress and the castle of Peniscola is born from a dual line of research, the study of the fortresses of the Crusader period in the Mediterranean basin and the research on the fortifications designed by Antonelli in the sixteenth and seventeenth century between Mediterrano and the Caribbean. Peniscola, first Greek and then Roman colony, in 718 A. D., it became part of the Muslim rule in the Iberian peninsula. These territories were under the control of the Moors until 1233, and between 1294 and 1307, the Knights of the Temple rebuilt the existing Muslim fortress. Important Mediterranean port and land border Peniscola, with the majestic ramparts designed in 1543, by order of Philip II, the engineer Giovanni Battista Antonelli, is also an important example of the new approach to the defense in connection with the expansion of 'use of firearms in the sixteenth century.

Questo contributo si presenta come un breve itinerario attraverso quella peculiare modalità con cui l'architettura moderna si manifesta in Brasile, a São Paulo, tra influenze europee, nordamericane e componenti locali che mostrano aspetti quasi vernacolari. Dopo una contestualizzazione del tema, nel quadro dello sviluppo storico della metropoli brasiliana, si affrontano le tematiche legate alla documentazione e alla fruizione del patrimonio moderno paulista. Tale patrimonio può essere documentato, anche in forma speditiva, con metodologie di rilievo digitale integrato, sia allo scopo di consentire la conservazione dell'immagine attuale sia per la fruizione di itinerari nello spazio fisico oppure, da remoto, in quello virtuale. A questo fine, la georeferenziazione dei dati assume un ruolo fondamentale e consente di operare, anche da remoto, con database riferiti a diverse scale, da quella urbana e territoriale a quella di dettaglio dei singoli componenti dei complessi architettonici. Il progetto in fase di sviluppo, una volta completate le fasi di censimento e documentazione, consentirà e di gestire e visualizzare nell'insieme le proprietà degli edifici documentati, contribuendo a evidenziare i caratteri patrimoniali di questo patrimonio, oggi spesso a rischio per la rapidità e importanza delle trasformazioni che si sviluppano nella metropoli di São Paulo.Parole chiave architettura moderna, São Paulo, itinerari, rilievo digitale integrato, georeferenziazione.

Abstract. This paper describes the digital survey activities carried out in Brazil, in the state of São Paulo, in order to document historical architectures and his vernacular features. After introducing the researches performed in Brazil in the last years, the Brazilian state-of-art of architecture is summarised, so that it is possible to understand the complexities and the referential typological and cultural models. Typical Paulistano vernacular building techniques are thereafter deepened, before outlining the case-study of the Jesuit mission of Carapicuiba, one of the few rammed earths building in existence in São Paulo. Quick digital survey techniques, like aerial photogrammetry, make possible for architects and scholars to rapidly record the building’s morphology and state of preservation, for future cultural heritage conservation. Research findings permitted to update the settlement’s survey data, specifically the ones linked to surfaces, colors, and materials.