Objective: To identify the factors associated with food insecurity among Quilombolas communities in Brazil. Design: An analysis of secondary data assessed in the 2011 Quilombolas Census was performed. The Brazilian Food Insecurity Measurement Scale (Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar, EBIA) was used to assess household food security status. Sociodemographic conditions and access to social programmes and benefits were also evaluated. Setting: National survey census from recognized Quilombolas Brazilian territories. Subjects: Quilombolas households (n 8846). Results: About half (47·8 %) of the Quilombolas lived in severely food-insecure households, with the North and Northeast regions facing the most critical situation. Households located in North Brazil, whose head of the family had less than 4 years of education, with a monthly per capita income below $US 44, without adequate sanitation and without adequate water supply had the greatest chance of experiencing moderate or severe food insecurity. Households that had access to a water supply programme for dry regions (Programa Cisternas) and an agricultural harvest subsidy programme (Programa Garantia Safra) had less chance of experiencing moderate and severe food insecurity. Households that did not have access to health care (Programa Saúde da Família) had greater chance of suffering from moderate or severe food insecurity. Conclusions: Interventions are urgently needed to strengthen and promote public policies aimed to improve living conditions and food security in Quilombolas communities. Keywords Food security Household food insecurity Quilombolas Social vulnerability Epidemiological surveysFood and nutrition security is the guaranteed right for all to have access to safe, healthy and nutritious foods in adequate amounts, respecting cultural and social preferences (1,2) . The violation of this leads to household food insecurity (HFI), which can range from mild (concerns with food shortage and poor quality of foods due lack of money) to severe (occurrence of hunger) (3) . In Brazil, HFI is measured by national surveys using the Brazilian Food Insecurity Measurement Scale (Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar, EBIA) (3) . Since 2004 Brazil has generated data on household food security from three National Household Representative Surveys (4) . Analyses of these data have identified black or brown skin colour, low income and education, and poor health as risk factors for HFI (3,4) .In 2004 the prevalence of food insecurity among black and brown individuals was 43·4 % compared with 24·6 % among whites. Between 2004 and 2013 this prevalence decreased but still remained higher among black and brown individuals than whites (33·4 v. 17·2 %, respectively). In 2013 over half (50·7 %) of the Brazilian population self-identified as having black or brown skin (5) , a characteristic associated with illiteracy and low income. Specifically, illiteracy was 11·8 % among black and brown individuals and 5·3 % among whites; furthermore, 14·1 % of the black and ...
The Nurturing Care Framework (NCF) calls for establishing a global monitoring and accountability systems for early childhood development (ECD). Major gaps to build low‐cost and large‐scale ECD monitoring systems at the local level remain. In this manuscript, we describe the process of selecting nurturing care indicators at the municipal level from existing routine information systems to develop the Brazilian Early Childhood Friendly Index (IMAPI). Three methodological steps developed through a participatory decision‐making process were followed. First, a literature review identified potential indicators to translate the NCF domains. Four technical panels composed of stakeholders from federal, state and municipal levels were consulted to identify data sources, their availability at the municipal level and the strengths and weakness of each potential indicator. Second, national and international ECD experts participated in two surveys to score, following a SMART approach, the expected performance of each nurturing care indicator. This information was used to develop analytical weights for each indicator. Third, informed by strengths and weaknesses pointed out in the previous steps, the IMAPI team reached consensus on 31 nurturing care indicators across the five NCF domains (Good health [n = 14], Adequate nutrition [4], Responsive caregiving [1], Opportunities for early learning [7] and Security and safety [4]). IMAPI represents the first attempt to select nurturing care indicators at the municipal level using data from existing routine information systems.
ObjetivoVerificar se existem diferenças no consumo de alimentos regionais entre adolescentes em situação de insegurança alimentar quando comparados aos seguros. MétodosEstudo transversal realizado com adolescentes estudantes do 9º ano das 26 capitais brasileiras e Distrito Federal em 2011/2012. A amostra foi composta por 15.084 jovens. O consumo de alimentos regionais foi avaliado por meio de imagens. O participante deveria identificar o alimento, referindo seu consumo ou não. A situação de segurança alimentar foi aferida através da Escala Curta de Insegurança Alimentar, adaptada da escala americana e validada para o público adolescente brasileiro. ResultadosForam analisados os dados de 14.690 adolescentes com média de idade de 14,4 anos, predominantemente do sexo feminino (55,7%) e alunos de escolas públicas (78,2%). Apenas 3,1% das mães eram analfabetas. A insegurança alimentar foi mais prevalente nos domicílios com jovens do sexo masculino, que estudavam em escolas púbicas, filhos de mães analfabetas e residentes na região Norte. O consumo de hortaliças e frutas foi maior entre adolescente residentes em domicílios em insegurança alimentar e insegurança alimentar grave do que entre os seguros, em todas as regiões geográficas brasileiras. As preparações regionais são mais consumidas por jovens que vivem em domicílios seguros.
Os objetivos do trabalho foram avaliar a validade interna e a capacidade preditiva da escala de segurança alimentar de seis itens aplicada a adolescentes. MétodosFoi um estudo transversal com amostra representativa de adolescentes brasileiros (N=14.690), realizado em escolas públicas e privadas nas 26 capitais de estados brasileiros e no Distrito Federal por meio de questionário online. ResultadosA maior parte dos respondentes era do sexo feminino (53,2%), com idade média de 14,4 anos, sendo 72,7% de escolas públicas. O comportamento da escala, observado pelo modelo de Rasch, foi melhor sem o item cinco, apresentando valores ótimos de Infit e nível de severidade crescente entre os itens. O alfa de Cronbach foi 0,77, e as análises do funcionamento diferencial dos itens mostraram comportamento dos itens semelhante entre os subgrupos avaliados. A análise fatorial mostrou a unidimensionalidade do instrumento.
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