Abstract-District heating is a common way of providing heat to buildings in urban areas. The heat is carried by hot water or steam and distributed in a network of pipes from a central power plant. It is of great interest to minimize energy losses due to bad pipe insulation or leakages in such district heating networks. As the pipes generally are placed underground, it may be difficult to establish the presence and location of losses and leakages. Towards this end, this work presents methods for largescale monitoring and detection of leakages by means of remote sensing using thermal cameras, so-called airborne thermography. The methods rely on the fact that underground losses in district heating systems lead to increased surface temperatures. The main contribution of this work is methods for automatic analysis of aerial thermal images to localize leaking district heating pipes. Results and experiences from large-scale leakage detection in several cities in Sweden and Norway are presented
The price of rare-earth metals used in neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) permanent magnets (PMs) has fluctuated greatly recently. Replacing the NdFeB PMs with more abundant ferrite PMs will avoid the cost insecurity and insecurity of supply. Ferrite PMs have lower performance than NdFeB PMs and for similar performance more PM material has to be used, requiring more support structure. Flux concentration is also necessary, for example, by a spoke-type rotor. In this paper the rotor of a 12 kW NdFeB PM generator was redesigned to use ferrite PMs, reusing the existing stator and experimental setup. Finite element simulations were used to calculate both electromagnetic and mechanical properties of the design. Focus was on mechanical design and feasibility of construction. The result was a design of a ferrite PM rotor to be used with the old stator with some small changes to the generator support structure. The new generator has the same output power at a slightly lower voltage level. It was concluded that it is possible to use the same stator with either a NdFeB PM rotor or a ferrite PM rotor. A ferrite PM generator might require a larger diameter than a NdFeB generator to generate the same voltage.
Ways to utilise ferrite permanent magnets (PMs), in a better way has been in focus the last couple of years since the use of neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) PMs has been debated. While ferrite PMs offer a low-cost alternative to rareearth PMs, it is a trade-off for lower energy density. Depending on the type of PM and if the PMs are surface mounted or buried, the risk of demagnetisation during a fault condition can vary significantly between machines. In this study, the demagnetisation risk of two electrically similar generators with identical stators has been studied during several shortcircuit faults at different temperatures. The study is simulation-based, and the results show that the generator with the ferrite rotor will suffer from a small but not significant amount of demagnetisation in the worst, three-phase-neutral, short-circuit case at a temperature of 5°C, whereas the NdFeB PMs will suffer from partial demagnetisation if a fault occurs at 120°C. For operational temperatures between 20 and 60°C both generators will sustain a short-circuit event.
PostprintThis is the accepted version of a paper published in IEEE transactions on magnetics. This paper has been peer-reviewed but does not include the final publisher proof-corrections or journal pagination. This article aims to verify a FEM simulation model for demagnetization of permanent magnets. The model is designed to determine the remaining magnetization within the permanent magnet after it has been exposed to high demagnetizing fields and/or temperature. An experimental set-up was built and a permanent magnet of SmCo type was experimentally tested. Good agreement is shown between the simulation and experimental results. A maximal deviation of 3 % of the simulation results in relative to the experimental results were achieved for most part of the magnet. During the calibration of the simulation model it was found that the coercivity had to be significantly more negative compared to the permanent magnet's reference value to match simulation results to the experimental results.
One of the main aspects when designing a permanent magnet (PM) generator is to choose suitable PMs, both in terms of achieving the required flux in the generator but also of withstanding high demagnetizing fields, that is, having sufficiently high coercivity. If the coercivity is too low, the magnets are at risk of demagnetizing, fully or partially, at the event of a short circuit and/or an increase in temperature. This study aims to determine the risk of demagnetization for a 12 kW direct driven permanent magnet synchronous generator. Furthermore, as the prices on PMs have increased drastically the last few years the possibility to use smaller and/or cheaper PMs of different grades has been investigated. A new proprietary finite element method (FEM) model has been developed, which is also presented. The study is based on simulations from this FEM model and is focused on NdFeB magnets. Results show that the reference magnet can withstand a two-phase short circuit at both the temperatures tested and in both geometries. The use of cheaper magnets, smaller air gap and in the event of a two-phase short circuit often results in partial irreversible demagnetization. However, magnets with lower coercivity are easier demagnetized.
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