P. ginseng can be found in several countries, such as Korea (common name: Insam), China (common name: Rénshēn), and Japan (common name Ninjin). It has gained importance in traditional medicine because it can restore fatigue (Mahady et al., 2000). Panax means "all-healing", which comes from the belief that ginseng can cure all diseases in humans. Its benefits include modulating various ion channels Abstract | Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. is one of the most well-known plants in traditional medicine that contains bioactive compounds called ginsenosides. It is widely used as raw material in many pharmaceutical industries in Indonesia. However, to supply for this purpose, they still rely on imports. PT. Kalbe Farma (through its subsidiary, PT. Bintang Toedjoe), University of Surabaya (Ubaya), and Hanbang-Bio Laboratory (holding company of Kyung Hee University) established the Kalbe Ubaya Hanbang-Bio Laboratory (KUH Lab), a collaboration initiated to achieve the independence of raw materials. This laboratory is devoted to developing the plant tissue culture protocol for the mass production of P. ginseng root cultures. This paper is the first report of in vitro P. ginseng culture in Indonesia. The initial stage of the mass production focused on optimizing the culture conditions: inoculum weight (100 g, 150 g, 200 g), medium volume (12 L, 13 L, 14 L), medium formulation ("A", "B"), and incubation temperature (15 °C to 20 °C and 21°C to 25 °C). Based on the biomass yield and ginsenosides content, it was concluded that the optimum growth condition was 150 g of the initial inoculum grown in 13 L of media using formulation B and incubation at 21°C to 25 °C. In the long-term, KUH Lab aims to produce P. ginseng on an industrial scale to sufficiently supply the demands for P. ginseng in the country. Furthermore, this laboratory also intends to make standardized Indonesian herbal materials by using plant tissue culture.

Evaluation of phytochemical traits and their correlation studies were conducted with special reference to the quantitative characters of Monarda citriodora Cerv. ex Lag. A field experiment was carried out during two successive cropping seasons of 2014 and 2015 at Field Research Station, Chatha, CSIR -Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu to study the effect of four irrigation frequencies (irrigation at 30 (F 1 ), 20 (F 2 ), 15 (F 3 ) and 12 (F 4 ) days interval with four nitrogen levels, viz., N 0 (0), N 1 (40), N 2 (80) and N 3 (120) kg N ha -1 on quantitative characters and phytochemical traits in M. citriodora. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with 3 replications. Results showed that plant height, number of branches per plant -1 , leaf area index, dry matter partitioning (leaf g/plant) and (stem g/plant) were significantly higher with treatment F 3 over F 2 and F 1 , though remained at par with F 4 (12 days interval) during 2014 as well as 2015. F 1 treatment took significantly least number of days for initiation of primary and secondary branches, however, days taken to flowering at initiation, 50% and 75% was significantly least in F 4 treatment over other treatments. Thymol content was significantly higher with treatment F 2 over other treatments, while significantly highest carvacrol content was recorded with treatment F 3 , though it remained at par with F 2 treatment. Nitrogen level N 2 significantly increased plant height, number of branches per plant -1 and leaf area index, while in case of dry matter partitioning, N 2 and N 1 remaining at par recorded significantly higher dry matter partitioning over N 1 and N 0 . Thymol content was significantly higher with N 1 level, while as carvacrol content was recorded significantly higher with N 2 level when compared to other treatments during the two years of study. In case of irrigation frequencies, it was observed that with increase in the quantitative characteristics of M. citriodora, the phytochemical traits, viz., thymol and carvacrol contents also showed the increased trend and visa-versa, while in case of nitrogen treatments, the increase in the quantitative characteristics showed the decrease in phytochemical traits.

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In recent years, plants have become an important part of traditional medicine. Although the medicinal potential of the plant looks very promising, there are great difficulties that inhibit products for the production of herbs on a large scale. Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. is a plant often used in traditional medicine in various countries because ginseng can cure various diseases in humans. The main bioactive component in ginseng is the triterpene saponin compound, namely ginsenosides. Ginseng needs to be cultivated at least 4 yr before the root can be harvested. In addition, a special environment is needed for ginseng to develop properly. One way to obtain ginsenosides is to use root hair culture. However, until now it has been reported that the accumulation of ginsensoside in root hair cultures is still low. Elicitation effective method to increase the production of secondary metabolites in vitro culture. The aim of this research was to observe the effect of elicitor in the form of yeast extract and coconut water to the media on the growth and levels of ginsenoside in flask scale Panax ginseng root hair culture. From the data obtained, it can be concluded that the addition of yeast extract from the start with a concentration of 20 mg L−1 cannot increase the levels of ginsenoside in the hairy root culture of P. ginseng. The addition of coconut water from the beginning with a volume of 10 mL increases the biomass but cannot increase the ginsenoside levels in the hair culture of P. ginseng.

Ginseng (Panax ginseng, Family Araliaceae) is a traditional herbal plant that is pretty well known and has been widely used in various countries, such as Korea, China, and Japan. Ginseng contains ginsenoside secondary metabolites that have been shown to have therapeutic effects, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer. Ginseng production by traditional cultivation methods is long and produces inconsistent results. Therefore, in vitro culture is an alternative method to produce ginseng and ginsenoside consistently. In 2018, PT Bintang Todjoe collaborated with the University of Surabaya (UBAYA) and the Hanbang-Bio Inc. (holding company of Kyung Hee University) to establish the Kalbe Ubaya Hanbang-Bio Laboratory (KUH Lab). From previous studies, the dry weight achieved was only 109.758 g, which did not reach the target (120 grams). Therefore, the media was modified by adding media volume from 13L to 15L. The increase in media volume increased fresh weight to 2728.7 g, dry weight to 137.6 g, and yield up to 5%. However, this increase in media volume has not increased ginsenoside levels.