The study describes the negative impacts of the most important biotic and abiotic factors on the production of planting material in the forest nursery "Bišina" - Šekovići (Bosnia and Herzegovina). Weather disasters (heavy rain, hail, frost) and zoobiotic caused the most harm to cultivated plants (birds, roe deer). Activities and processes for removing and reducing the damages are explained for each of the elements stated.
As forests in Bosnia and Herzegovina cover 2,904,600 ha or 56.7 % of its total area, and since the meteorological data analysis for the period 1961–2014 shows that the mean annual temperature maintains a continuous rise, сlose attention should be paid to these fragile ecosystems. It is important to note that one of the most economically valuable species for forestry in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Norway spruce, is particularly endangered due to its very low drought resistance and spread of various diseases. Comparing the last climate sequence (1991–2019) with the previous one (1961–1990) we found that the spruce-inhabited areas showed an average increase in the values of the Forest Aridity Index of 0.929. As for the Ellenberg’s climate quotient, it is noticeable that climate change is not as strong as in the case of the Forest Aridity Index. Based on projections for the mid- (2041–2070) and late-century (2071–2100) under the RCP 4.5, there will be no change that is likely to significantly affect the distribution of spruce. The predicted rates of decline and altitudinal shifts of favorable habitats are negligible. On the contrary, projections under the RCP 8.5 predict a significant reduction of suitable habitats, both for the existing range of Norway spruce and the entire territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Particularly, late-century projection under the RCP 8.5 predicts an almost complete reduction of suitable habitats, while small areas of suitable habitats at higher elevations will remain intact.
Spatial assessment of soil erosion is an important indicator of ecological soil change and global environmental changes. This is especially true for countries with rich forest cover such as Bosnia and Herzegovina. In this study, the risk of soil erosion was assessed using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model and the impact of changes in the forest ecosystem, current conditions were compared with possible future forest management scenarios, and measures and solutions were proposed to reduce soil erodibility in vulnerable areas of the Pale Municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The studied area is at increased risk of soil erosion due to natural conditions (mountain relief, climate change, and the frequency of extreme climatic events—drought and heavy rains, which occur more and more frequently in a short period of time) and due to anthropogenic factors, such as large-scale deforestation and conversion of mountain areas for tourism purposes, tracing and construction of ski slopes and ski resorts in general, and expansion of settlements. All this leads to threats to water conservation areas, landslides, floods, forest fires, and additional reduction of forest areas due to drying of forests and expansion of settlements. GIS as a tool provides us with a quick and accurate way to find possible solutions to problems resulting from the intensive use and inadequate monitoring. In this study, we have tried to offer possible solutions and show the benefits that can be obtained by varying the factors that affect soil erodibility and depend on vegetation cover, that is, land use (C-factor). This study presents the application of RUSLE methods in combination with GIS for the purpose of planning economic activities, such as winter tourism development in the community of Pale. An increase in soil loss due to inappropriate land use was found, with the average annual soil loss due to deforestation in the ski area increasing to 909.43 t ha−1 year−1.
European beech is one of the most important and most common tree species in Europe, which have extremely wide amplitude in sense of horizontal and vertical distribution. In Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) represents one of the most important tree species from an economic and ecological point of view, because it's constituting significant areas of highly productive pure and mixed forests. The main goal of this research is to determine the influence of orography (slope, aspect, elevation, and spatial distribution-climate zone) and one stand characteristic (canopy) on stand volume in pure uneven-aged beech stands. The existence of the aforementioned influence was analyzed using multi-factor ANOVA (Type II sums of squares). The research was conducted on 20 localities (grouped in 3 climatic zones). One in the eastern part of Serbia on 8 localities (Moesian province), second in the eastern part of Republika Srpska on 7 localities (Illyrian-Moesian province), and third in the northwestern part of Republika Srpska on 5 localities (Illyrian province). The obtained results showed that only slope (p≤0.1) and canopy (p≤0.001) have a statistically significant impact on stand volume in pure beech stands.
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