O b se rv a tio n s w e re m a d e tw ic e e v e ry m o n th o v e r a p e rio d o f th r e e y e a rs, in 6 d if fe re n t fo re st asso c iatio n s, o f th e tra c e s le ft by ro e d e e r C ap re o iu s c a p re o tu s a n d re d d e e r C e rv u s e la p h u s jn v is itin g a n d fe e d in g in 60 e x p e rim e n ta l a re a s (3 ha). T h e e x te n t of fe e d in g of th e a n im a ls on d iffe re n t sp ecies of p la n ts w as e x a m in e d a n d also v a ria tio n s in food p re fe re n c e s d e p e n d in g on th e eco sy stem , age class o f th e tr e e sta n d , p h en o lo g ical seaso n a n d a b u n d a n c e o f th e v a rio u s sp ecies o f p la n ts. T h e food of d e e r in c lu d e s a ll sp ecies o f tre e s, a n d d w a rf-s h ru b s , a n d 63*/n of th e sp ecies o f d ic o ty le d o n o u s fo rb s, g ra sse s a n d sed g es o c c u rr ing in th e e x p e rim e n ta l a re a s . T re e s in c lu d e d in th e b a sic food of d e e r a re C a rp in u s b e tu lu s, F ra x in u s e x c e lsio r , Q u e rc u s ro b u r a n d S a lix caprea, w h ile th e d ico ty led o n o u s fo rb s m o s t co m m o n ly e a te n a re R a n u n c u lu s re p e n s , C a lifta p a iu s fris , F iltp e n d u la u lm a ria , A e g o p o d iw n p o dagraria an d im p a tie n s n o li-ta n g e re . T h e re is a re la tio n b e tw e e n th e a b u n d a n c e of a g iv e n p la n t in th e a r e a a n d th e in te n s ity w ith w h ich th e d e e r fe e d on it; th e g re a te r th e c o e ffic ie n t of a b u n d a n c e of a p la n t, th e g re a te r th e p e rc e n ta g e it fo rm s in th e a n im a ls ' d iet. T h e d e e r's in te n sity of feed in g v a rie s o v e r th e c o u rs e o f th e y e a r, w ith d is tin c t in te n sific a tio n in s u m m e r a n d w in te r, a n d d e p re ssio n s in s p rin g a n d a u tu m n . S u m m e r in te n sific a tio n of fe e d in g is c o n n e c te d w ith th e g re a te r v a rie ty o f sp ecies in th e a n im a ls ' d iet, w h ile th e w in te r in te n sific a tio n a ffects o n ly a s m a ll n u m b e r of sp ecies, ch iefly tre e s. D u rin g th e w in te r tre e s fo rm 85-95*/o o f th e a n im a ls ' food. D e e r fe e d ch iefly on th e y o u n g e r ag e cla sse s of tr e e s ta n d s, t h a t is, p la n ta tio n s an d th ic k e ts . P re fe re n c e s f o r th e d if fe re n t a g e cla sse s v a rie s, h o w e v e r, o v e r th e c o u rse of th e y e a r an d is c h a ra c te ris tic of th e d if fe re n t eco sy stem s. D ico ty led o n o u s fo rb s a re p a rtic u la rly p re fe rre d in th e g e n e ra tiv e stag e. O ne of th e w a y s in w h ic h d e e r o b ta in fo o d is b y s trip p in g th e b a rk fro m tr e e s a n d s h ru b s , th e sp ecies m o s t fr e q u e n tly b a rk e d b e in g P tc e a excelsa , T ilta c o rd a te , Q u e rc u s r o b u r a n d F ra x in u s e x c elsio r. E x a m in a tio n w as m a d e of th e c o n n e c tio n s b e tw e e n th e a n im a ls ' a c tiv ity a n d in te n sity of fe e d in g m w in te r. I...
Stanisław BOROWSKI On the Moult in the Common Shrew [With 3 Figs., 2 Tab. & Plate XIV] On the basis of a large material (n = 905) obtained during the spring months (March-June, 1953-1964) it was shown that the common shrew, Sorex araneus Linnaeus, 1758 exhibits two spring moults, differing in character and the time and direction in which they proceed. Spring moult I consists in change from the 6-segment winter hair to the 5-segment spring hair, and proceeds from the ventral side of the body to the back. The second, spring moult II, changes the spring hair to the 4-segment summer hair and begins on the back and ends on the ventral side of the animal. Interrupted moults were observed in a fairly large percentage of the of the individuals in a population: the first in 40°/o, the second in 22%. Both changes of coat may take the form of total moult or of wave moult. Spring moult I begins in the Białowieża Primaeval Forest during the second ten-day period of March, and in principle ends during the last ten days of April. Spring moult II does not in fact begin until the last ten-days of April and lasts to the first ten-day period of June. Males moult earlier than females. Changes in skin thickness, and length of hair in different seasons, and also earlier observations of captive animals, indirectly permit of the assumption that in the spring shrews may in some cases change the 6-segment winter hair for secondary winter hair of the same length. I. INTRODUCTION Many authors, in describing the spring moult in Soricidae
Literature on food components and food requirements of the European bison was reviewed. Problems of the effect of bisons on the forest and of the permissible density of bisons in contemporary forest ecosystems were given special consideration. It was concluded that the following problems should be urgently studied: daily food requirements of the European bison in seasonal and age aspects, the amount of most willingly selected food in biotopes and food habits of the European bison.
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