Nosocomial infections is an infection acquired in the hospital in patients treated for at least 72 hours (3x24 hours). Environmental infection caused by bacteria from an existing object within the hospital. Microorganisms are often potentially causing nosocomial infections are Proteus sp., Escherichia colii, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Objective: to know the most aerobic bacteria and the pattern of aerobic bacteria in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit at BLU Dr Prof. Dr R. D. Kandou. Methods: 24 swab samples were taken on the surface of the tool, treatment rooms and 6 samples of air space. Identification of bacterial cultures taken on an agar medium, gram staining and biochemical tests. Results: identified bacteria obtained 11 types of microorganisms, such as Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus sp., Enterobacter agglomerans, Serratia rubidaea, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Coccus Gram-negative, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida sp., Pseudomonas sp., Streptococcus sp. Conclusion: Gram negative bacteria are bacteria that are found in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. Staphylococcus sp., and Pseudomonas sp., a common bacteria that cause nosocomial infections with Staphylococcus sp., a bacterium that is most found.Keywords: bacteria, germs pattern, nosocomial infections, pediatric intensive care unit.Abstrak: Infeksi nosokomial merupakan infeksi yang didapat di rumah sakit pada pasien yang dirawat paling tidak selama 72 jam (3x24 jam). Infeksi lingkungan yang disebabkan oleh bakteri dari benda yang ada dilingkungan rumah sakit. Mikroorganisme yang sering berpotensi menyebabkan infeksi nosokomial adalah Proteus sp., Escherichia colii, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Tujuan: mengetahui bakteri aerob terbanyak dan pola dari bakteri aerob tersebut pada Ruang Perawatan Intensif anak di BLU RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou. Metode: sampel diambil pada 24 usapan permukaan alat, ruangan perawatan dan 6 sampel udara ruang. Identifikasi bakteri dilakukan kultur pada media agar, pewarnaan gram dan uji biokimia. Hasil: bakteri yang teridentifikasi didapatkan 11 jenis mikroorganisme, yaitu Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus sp., Enterobacter agglomerans, Serratia rubidaea, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Coccus Gram negatif , Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida sp., Pseudomonas sp., Streptococcus sp. Kesimpulan: bakteri gram negatif merupakan bakteri yang banyak ditemukan pada Ruang Perawatan Intensif anak. Staphylococcus sp., dan Pseudomonas sp., merupakan bakteri tersering yang menyebabkan infeksi nosokomial dengan Staphylococcus sp., merupakan bakteri yang terbanyak ditemukan.Kata kunci: bakteri, pola kuman, infeksi nosokomial, ruang perawatan intensif anak.
The most common hospital-acquired infection is urinary tract infection (UTI) resulting in significant morbidity and occasional mortality. Pattern of germs especially bacteries that cause UTI will contribute to the success of the treatment of UTI. The wide scale spectrum of the causative organisms, and least of clinical trials that have been done are make the forming of the selected antimicroba that will used for the therapy of UTI more difficult. The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of germs that cause UTIs, which are important in improving the quality of health care in the Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado Hospital. This study uses a prospective study that analyzed descriptively on 30 urinary samples in November until December 2012 at Installation of Medical Emergency Care of Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado Hospital. Results of this research showed the highest incidence of UTI is in the age group 50-59 years. Women suffer from UTI more often than men. In this research, Escherichia coli is the most common microorganisms that cause UTI. Keywords: bacteries, pattern germs, urinary tract infection. Abstrak: Infeksi Saluran Kemih (ISK) adalah infeksi yang paling umum didapat di RS yang mengakibatkan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas yang signifikan. Pola kuman penyebab ISK akan berperan penting dalam keberhasilan pengobatan ISK. Bervariasinya penyebab ISK, luasnya spektrum organisme yang menjadi penyebab, serta sedikitnya uji klinis yang telah dilaksanakan, mempersulit penyusunan antimikroba pilihan yang dapat digunakan dalam terapi ISK. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pola kuman khususnya bakteri penyebab ISK, yang merupakan hal penting dalam meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan kesehatan di RSUP. Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian prospektif yang dianalisis secara deskriptif pada 30 sampel urin selama bulan November sampai Desember 2012 di Instalasi Rawat Darurat Medik RSUP Prof. dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa insidensi ISK tertinggi adalah pada kelompok umur 50-59 tahun. Perempuan lebih sering menderita ISK daripada laki-laki. Dari penelitian ini, Escherichia coli merupakan mikroorganisme tersering yang menyebabkan ISK. Kata Kunci: Bakteri, Infeksi saluran kemih, Pola kuman.
Nosocomial infection is an infection which occurs in the hospital caused by microbacteria from the hospital. Infection in neonatal is a serious issue in each hospital until today. Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) is a care unit for newborn who needs special care. Nosocomial infection is often happening to babies in NICU. The objective is to determine the pattern of aerob bacteria causes nosocomial infection in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) BLU RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. The research used descriptive method with prospective study. The amount of samples are 30 and was taken according to category of care room, room instruments, medical equipments and air. Based on the results, there are 11 species of bacterias included Bacillus subtilis 13 samples (43,3%), Serratia liquefaciens 4 samples (13,3%), Lactobacillus 3 samples (10%), Enterobacter agglomerans 2 samples (6,7%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae 2 samples (6,7%), Proteus mirabilis 1 sample (3,3%), Proteus vulgaris 1 sample (3,3%), Streptococcus non hemoliticus 1 sample (3,3%), Diplococcus 1 sample (3,3%), gram-positive Coccus 1 sample (3,3%) and gram-negative Coccus 1 sample (3,3%).Keywords: nosocomial infection, NICU, aerob bacteriaAbstrak: Infeksi nosokomial adalah infeksi yang terjadi di rumah sakit oleh kuman yang berasal dari rumah sakit. Infeksi nosokomial yang terjadi pada bayi baru lahir sampai saat ini merupakan masalah yang serius disetiap rumah sakit. Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) merupakan unit perawatan untuk bayi baru lahir yang memerlukan perawatan khusus. Infeksi nosokomial sering terjadi terutama pada bayi yang mendapat perawatan di NICU. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui pola bakteri aerob penyebab infeksi nosokomial pada ruangan Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) BLU RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D Kandou Manado. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan studi prospektif. Sampel yang diteliti berjumlah 30 sampel dan di ambil berdasarkan kategori ruang perawatan, perabotan ruangan, peralatan medis dan udara. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ditemukan 11 spesies bakteri yaitu Bacillus subtilis 13 sampel (43,3%), Serratia liquefaciens 4 sampel (13,3%), Lactobacillus 3 sampel (10%), Enterobacter agglomerans 2 sampel (6,7%) dan Klebsiella pneumoniae 2 sampel (6,7%), Proteus mirabilis 1 sampel (3,3%), Proteus vulgaris 1 sampel (3,3%), Streptococcus non hemolitikus 1 sampel (3,3%), Diplokokus 1 sampel (3,3%), Kokus gram positif 1 sampel (3,3%) dan Kokus gram negatif 1 sampel (3,3%).Kata kunci: infeksi nosokomial, NICU, bakteri aerob
This is a true experimental research with post test-only control group design. The study was conducted to test the inhibitory zone of the Binahong leaf extract (Anredera cordifolia) against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Binahong leaf extract is prepared using maceration technique, by soaking it in a sealed jar for 24 hours with 95% methanol. Then subsequently filtered using a funnel with filter paper, and the filtrate is collected inside an erlenmeyer. The filtrate then concentrated using a rotavapor, this concentrated extract dissolved into aquadest with a concentration of 50 ppm, 100 ppm and 1000 ppm. By taking a few colonies with a sterile loop into a stock of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Esherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa then scratch it into MH blood agar medium, and incubate it for 24 hours with a temperature of 370C. The next day, bacterial suspension was made in test tube, which already contains 0.9% NaCl. The suspension tturbidity is equivalent to 0.5 Mc Farland. Bacterial inhibition zone of binahong leaf extract (Anredera cordifolia) is tested using absorbance disc method or better known as the Kirby-Bauer method. First, pour 10 ml of agar medium (± 400C) into a cup (petridish) and then wait until it’s cold. After the medium becomes solid, the suspension of bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Esherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are slowly smeared with sterile cotton sticks on the surface of the media. Soak the paper discs into binahong leaf extract (Anredera cordifolia) with concentrations of 50, 100, and 1000 ppm, for about 5 minutes, and placed it on the surface of the petridish, together with the positive control (amoxicillin) and negative control (aquadest). Then incubate it at 370C for 24 hours. The effectiveness of binahong leaf extract (Anredera cordifolia) inhibition zone, can be determined by measuring the diameter of clear zone around the paper using a sliding-term. Binahong leaf extract (Anredera cordifolia) zone of inhibition is negative, a very slight different is showed by the amoxicillin inhibition zone, for having a clear zone diameter of 28 mm for Staphylococcus aureus and Esherichia coli, and 21 mm for Enterococcus faecalis. This fact is probably caused by several things concerning the mechanism of action of a substance as an anti bacterial of the binahong leaf extract (Anredera cordifolia).Â
Background and Purpose: Respiratory tract infections are diseases that are common with mild to severe manifestations. Data From Bahu public health centers in 2009 there were 266 patients with respiratory tract infections and ranks first of five major diseases in Bahu public health centers and in 2011 is still the first order of 10 major diseases. This study aimed to determine the pattern of the bacteria that cause respiratory tract infections in Bahu public health centers. Research methods: The study used a prospective descriptive method through sputum culture studies in patients with respiratory tract infections Puskesmas Shoulder period November 2012 - January 2013. Results: From the results of the study found that gram-positive bacteria were more common in comparison with gram negative. Conclusion: The bacteria that cause respiratory tract infections are the most widely found is Streptoccocus sp. Keywords: Bacteria, Sputum, Respiratory Tract Infection. Abstrak: Latar belakang dan Tujuan: Infeksi saluran pernafasan merupakan penyakit yang sering dijumpai dengan manifestasi ringan sampai berat. Data dari Puskesmas Bahu pada tahun 2009 terdapat 266 penderita infeksi saluran pernapasan dan menempati urutan pertama dari 5 penyakit utama di Puskesmas Bahu dan pada tahun 2011 masih merupakan urutan pertama dari 10 penyakit utama.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola bakteri penyebab infeksi saluran pernapsan di Puskesmas Bahu. Metode penelitian: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif prospektif melalui penelitian kultur sputum penderita infeksi saluran pernapasan di Puskesmas Bahu periode November 2012 – Januari 2013. Hasil: Dari hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa bakteri gram positif lebih banyak ditemukan di bandingkan dengan gram negatif. Kesimpulan: Bakteri penyebab infeksi saluran pernapasan yang paling banyak di temukan adalah Streptoccocus sp. Kata Kunci: Bakteri, Sputum, Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan.
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