Lightning is one of the inevitable disastrous natural phenomena which present serious threat to tall structures including ancient monuments and electrical systems. Though researchers have carried out a wide gamut of research studies to analyze the extent of damage due to direct lightning strikes on important buildings and structures, the focus of this research is on understanding the effects of lightning on tall structures of historical importance and landmark monuments of significance. In this context, different types of Lightning Protection Systems (LPS) are being used to protect tall structures from lightning flashes. However, several complexities related to the appropriate choice of LPS continue to confront researchers since characteristics of lightning such as stroke current, striking distance, return stroke modelling, geometry of the structure etc. pose considerable challenges. This research study presents a detailed chronological overview of lightning strikes on ancient structures, cause and effects, review on LPS strategies along with its impacts on tall structures, historical monuments and landmarks. In addition, a detailed analysis based on a specific case study of a typical historical monument is carried out to ascertain the critical significance of the stipulated zone of protection essential for historical monuments and various risks involved during implementation.
Lightning is a perilous and unavoidable event of nature that presents major deleterious consequences on humans, tall structures, electrical power systems, forests, etc. Though several research studies have been carried out to analyse the sufficiency of a Lightning Protection System (LPS), very few research findings have been reported to assess the extent of risk due to lightning-human interaction in the vicinity of tall structures. This research aims at carrying out detailed modelling and simulation studies of LPS for heritage structure. Several current waveshapes as stipulated in IEC 62305 are modelled appropriately and presented to the electrical equivalent circuit representation of a heritage monument in South India (Brihadisvara Temple) to ascertain the impact of lightning parameters on heritage monuments. In addition, to assess the effectiveness of the earthing system, detailed earthing models during lightning is developed to assess the role played by aspects such as soil resistivity (single and double), earth electrode dimensions, nature of elements in the equivalent circuit, etc. Further, the role of lightning strikes on human due to step and touch potential is ascertained by formulating a lumped electrical equivalent model of human to assess its role and impact on dry and wet skin.
Prevention of industrial machineries against internal and external faults is mandatory for uninterrupted operation. Identifying the exact faults or anomalies in the system and predicting the machine’s health continuously is an essential preventive measure. To realize the protection system, pre-analysis of various faults under different load conditions is mandatory and hence, paper analysis a critical fault “Inter turn fault” in the wound rotor induction machine (WRIM). Inter turn fault is developed experimentally in 2.2 kW WRIM with 20 percent of internal windings shorted under different load conditions (0 to 1 per unit load). Obtained results are analysed for various electrical and mechanical parameters, and the faulty effects are revealed.
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