Introduction Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a major chronic disease affecting men, and the therapeutic agents currently used to manage it have significant side effects. As a result, an alternative medicine with improved therapeutic properties with no side effects is desperately needed. The current investigation aims to study whether the Caesalpinia bonduc seed extracts (ethanolic-A, hydroalcoholic-B, and aqueous-C) have inhibitory potential on testosterone propionate (TP)-induced BPH in Wistar rats. Methods Wistar rats (male) were randomly allocated to one of five groups: control, BPH (TP-3 mg/kg, subcutaneously daily), low dose (TP + C. bonduc seed extracts – 200 mg/kg body weight), high dose (TP + C. bonduc seed extracts – 400 mg/kg body weight), and standard drug (TP + finasteride – 10 mg/kg body weight). At the end of drug treatment, the rats were sacrificed and their serum and prostates were taken for biochemical and histological studies. Results C. bonduc seed extracts treatment significantly decreased prostate weight and prostatic index in rats with TP-induced BPH. The seed extracts exhibited a potent inhibitory effect on dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in serum and prostate. In addition, the PSA level in the serum showed a noteworthy decrease in comparison with the BPH group. Histopathological examination also indicated that extracts improved the tissue morphology of the prostate significantly. Out of three extracts tested, ethanolic and hydroalcoholic extract recorded significant effect. Finally, liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/MS-QTOF) analysis showed that the major compounds present in the extracts were tocopherols, fucosterol, linoleic acid, β-amyrin, β-sitosterol, campesterol, cassane furanoditerpene, norcassane furanoditerpene and other diterpenes. Conclusion Thus, C. bonduc seed extracts could be a potential source for the formulation of new drug for managing BPH. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first scientific animal investigation into the use of C. bonduc seed extract for the management of BPH.
Caesalpinia bonduc (L) Roxb. is a vital remedy for treating several ailments in Indian traditional systems of medicine. This perennial medicinal plant grows as a hedge plant up to 15 m tall and is found worldwide, particularly in Sri Lanka, India, Burma, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In the current study, we attempted to assess the botanical and pharmacognostic properties of C. bonduc with special reference to the seeds. The pharmacognostic study of the anatomical section of the seeds as well as microscopic studies of the powder was conducted to determine their morphological and anatomical features. The qualitative and quantitative microscopy as well as physiochemical properties and TLC profile of the seed sample were carried out as per standard procedures recommended by WHO. Macroscopic and microscopic examinations revealed the characteristic features of C. bonduc. The transverse section also revealed the characteristic features of the C. bonduc seed, including the cotyledon, epidermis, osteosclereids, parenchyma cells, sclereids, starch grains, sub-epidermis; and testa. A quantitative pharmacognostic analysis of the powder of the seed revealed a moisture content of 6.61%. Physiochemical investigation of the seed recorded total ash, water-soluble ash and acid insoluble ash as 3.26, 1.69 and 0.39 %w/w, respectively. The highest extractive value was recorded for ethanol, followed by hexane. The residence of toxic heavy metals was conducted using an Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and was found to be within the permitted limit, proving the safety profile of the seed material tested. The TLC profile of the raw seed extract recorded various spots in visible, short UV and long UV lights, which gives a clear idea of the abundance of various phytochemicals. Diverse pharmacognostic features recorded in this study will surely help to identify and standardize C. bonduc in quality control and drug formulation in the future.
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