Noviana E, Sholahuddin, Widadi S. 2012. The test of suren (Toona sureni) leaf extract potential as insecticide of grayak caterpillar (Spodoptera litura) on soybean. Biofarmasi 10: 46-53. Grayak caterpillar (Spodoptera litura F.) is an important pest in the most of food crops (polyphagous). The control of S. litura generally still uses the chemical insecticides that negatively affect the environment and ecosystem. One of the ways of environmentally friendly control was with vegetable insecticides. Suren (Toona sureni Blume) has an opportunity to be used as plant-based insecticide because of the abundant presence. Suren acts as an insect repellent. Suren contains surenone, surenin and surenolactone that act as repellent, growth inhibitor, insecticide and anti-feedant. This study aimed to determine the effect of suren leaf extract on S. litura and soybean (Glycine max L.) crops. This research was conducted in FebruaryMay 2011 at the Laboratory of Plant Pest and Disease and the Greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. This study used a Completely Randomized Design with five treatments repeated in three times. Data were analyzed by F-test at 5% of significance level and a Duncan test. Suren leaf was extracted with water then made in concentrations of 50%; 25%; 12.5%; 6.25% and 0%. In the laboratory test, it was used a leaf dip method. The treatment was conducted in the first 24 hours, then it was used the feed without the treatment and observed until the next generation. In the field test, larvae was invested in plants one day before the treatment for an adaptation. Observation was conducted up to seven days after application. The results showed that the application of suren leaf extract up to 50% concentration had not been able to cause the death of S. litura larvae. The suren leaf extract was toxic to S. litura, indicated by the emphasis of eating activity of S. litura, so that the damage caused to be lower and reduced the level of fertility and fecundity so that it could reduce the population of S. litura in the next generation. The application of suren leaf extract in soybean plant by a spray method showed the results that a low concentration extract (6.25%) was more effective to suppress the damage up to 51%. The texture of a high concentration extract was so thick, so that it was unable to spread to the plant parts and formed clumps that fall to the ground, because the leaves were unable to support the fluid clumps of extract. The application of suren leaf extract caused the phytotoxic symptoms in soybean plants with increasing concentration.
Fusarium, a genus of filamentous fungi, has many species which serving as important pathogens to many diseases in crops. Till today, there have not been effective and efficient control methods for such fungi. Recently, scientists agree that application of biological agents is a tactful choice. Development of hypovirulent strains of fungus as biocontrol agents is very limited. This research was aimed to find hypovirulent isolates of Fusarium from field as biological agents. A hundred isolates of Fusarium from chili were collected in Boyolali, Central Java. Morphological characterization revealed that isolates performed varied colony phenotypes. Based on colony phenotype pattern, isolates were classified into five groups. From each group, one hypovirulent isolate was selected based on colony growth rate on potato dextrose agar media. The selected hypovirulent isolates were used for virulence assay in apple. The result showed that there were four hypovirulent isolates i.e.: B6, C15, D19, and E20 isolates. Total RNA extraction of the identified hypovirulent isolates revealed the existence of viral RNA in C15 isolate. Based on the existence of viral RNA in C15 isolate, the hypovirulent traits were due to mycoviral infection, whereas the hypovirulent traits performed by the other three were due to genetic factors.
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is an important pathogen in agricultural crops which is spread throughout the world with a wide host range. In Indonesia, CMV is also an important pathogen that infect various high economic value crops. Karanganyar regency is a horticultural production centers in Central Java. Its foremost products are cucurbits incuding cucumber (Cucumis sativus), melon (Cucumis melo), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata), chayote (Sechium edule), angled luffa (Luffa acutangula) and bitter melon (Momordica charantia). Recently, cucurbits crops in the area suffered from disease with symptoms of virus infection, especially CMV, that is, mosaic, vein clearing, vein banding, malformation, etc. The disease is detrimental to farmers. This research aimed to determine whether the causal agent of disease in the crops is CMV. For that, the authors conducted a survey in the field, picked up sample crops showing symptoms, brought the sample crops to the laboratory, and checked for the presence of CMV by triple antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (TAS-ELISA). The results showed that of the 50 sample crops including 7 species of cucurbits showing symptoms of virus infection, 12 were detected to be infected by CMV. CMV was distributed evenly in cucurbits in Karanganyar regency.
Fusarium, a genus of filamentous fungi, has many species which serving as important pathogens to many diseases in crops. Till today, there have not been effective and efficient control methods for such fungi. Recently, scientists agree that application of biological agents is a tactful choice. Development of hypovirulent strains of fungus as biocontrol agents is very limited. This research was aimed to find hypovirulent isolates of Fusarium from field as biological agents. A hundred isolates of Fusarium from chili were collected in Boyolali, Central Java. Morphological characterization revealed that isolates performed varied colony phenotypes. Based on colony phenotype pattern, isolates were classified into five groups. From each group, one hypovirulent isolate was selected based on colony growth rate on potato dextrose agar media. The selected hypovirulent isolates were used for virulence assay in apple. The result showed that there were four hypovirulent isolates i.e.: B6, C15, D19, and E20 isolates. Total RNA extraction of the identified hypovirulent isolates revealed the existence of viral RNA in C15 isolate. Based on the existence of viral RNA in C15 isolate, the hypovirulent traits were due to mycoviral infection, whereas the hypovirulent traits performed by the other three were due to genetic factors.
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