Cellulose Crystalline Cladophora sp. (CCC) was successfully isolated from the freshwater algae Cladophora sp. by used the hydrolysis method. The alkaline treatment can affect the structure of CCC that is showed by the spectrum of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). The typical range for lignin does not appear here, which indicates the delignification process using NaOH plus hydrolysis of HCl has succeeded in removing lignin. The spectrum associated with functional group impurity (1800-1050 cm−1) with lipid, protein, and nucleid acid content are still seen after alkaline treatment and acid hydrolysis. Analysis of crystallinity with X-ray Diffraction (XRD) data showed that CCC had the highest crystallinity index on CD-K (93.4%), Cd-P (66.6%), and Cd-S (63.04%). The smallest particle size for each cellulose is Cd-K (9.5 nm), Cd-S (25.23 nm), and Cd-P (49.57 nm). Based on these results, the CCC production from Cladophora sp. using alkaline and acid hydrolysis treatment is enough to get samples with high crystallinity. The CCC product has the potential to be an excellent reinforcing material for biomaterial-based polymer materials.
In this study, a physical parameter measurement system has been implemented for real-time monitoring of Arduino-based water quality for catfish farming applications. This system aims to detect physical parameters of water quality such as pH and water temperature using the Analog pH Meter and DS18B20 sensors. Data were collected by inserting the two sensor probes into the catfish pond water medium. The results showed that the system can detect parameters, display and store sampling data on the Visual Studio 2013 interface application in real-time. The sensors in this system are able to detect pH and water temperature with an average accuracy rate of 90.94% and 99.71%.
The electrical characterization research of electrochemical cell based seawater by using electroplating Cu-Zn electrode with Ag (Cu (Ag)-Zn) has been done. Measurement data is performed to determine the voltage at no load and with the 12 V 3W LED and lumination load. The measurement results were compared with electrochemical cells using Cu-Zn Electrodes without electroplating. Sea water that has been used has a salinity level of 3.5% which has three times the screening process. Measurement data has been taken every hour for 72 hours by refilling sea water every 24 hours. The average voltage drop for electrodes without electroplating is 0.03%, whereas for electrodes with electroplating is 0.01%. The lumination difference is up to 72 hours which is 4 times brighter than Cu-Zn without electroplating process.
It has been realized an instrument for measuring cassava starch content digitally based on specific gravity method. The instrument is designed using strain gauge, which packing in load cell as a mass sensor, HX711 (Analog to Digital Converter), Arduino Uno as a data processor, LCD, and personal computer. The principles of this instrument are using specific gravity method, which is based on differences of cassava mass in the air and the water. Cassava starch content calculated by Arduino using Sungzikaw equation and displayed in LCD screen. The result showed that the instrument capable measure cassava starch content with the maximum capacity of 2,0 kg and average percentage error of less than 1,5 %.
Research about power supplies has been developed for various requirement. The power supply is used to supply electronic devices and laboratory-scale equipment, one of which is electrospinner. Electrospinner is an instrument used to make nanofibers consisting of several components, namely: power supply, high voltage, syringe pump, and collector drum. Electrospinner requires a stable supply of voltage so that the system can work well and requires a lot of voltage supply to supply components from the electrospinner. Arduino-based switching mode power supply (SMPS) is designed in this research. Arduino-based SMPS makes it possible to produce a stable supply with many outputs. Arduino as a PWM generator is used to control the power supply output voltage based on duty cycle. The results of the study addressed the duty cycle affecting the output of the power supply. The output voltage generated by the power supply can be set from 0-100 V with an accuracy of 98.19%, an error of 1.81% and a precision of 0.02% which is stated by the variation of the coefficient. The power supply produced also has an extra output voltage of 15 VCT and 15 V.
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