The research examined the contribution of parental beliefs and students’ self-regulated learning simultaneously toward students’ reading comprehension of junior high school in Bali. The separate examination has also been carried out namely the contribution of Balinese parental beliefs on students' reading comprehension and the contribution of students’ self-regulated learning on reading comprehension. The sample of this research consisted of 71 junior high school students and Balinese parents living in Kabupaten Karangasem, Bali. This research sample was obtained using the nonprobability sampling method through convenience sampling technique. The research used questionnaires taken from Reading Comprehension Measuring Tools in order to measure students' reading comprehension, The Parental Beliefs Questionnaire to measure parents' beliefs and Motivated Strategies for Learning. The research data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis and simple regression analysis conducted using SPSS 23 and qualitative analysis. The results showed that parental beliefs and students' self-regulated learning simultaneously influenced students’ reading comprehension in Bali. Students’ self-regulated learning also had a significantly positive effect on reading comprehension. However, Balinese’s parental beliefs did not directly contribute to reading comprehension.

Abstract Background: The prevalence of people with autism spectrum disorders in some parts of the world tends to increase, in Indonesia alone, accurate and complete data and information from people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are still lacking, so it is feared that many children with risk symptoms of autism spectrum disorders do not get treatment early. Aim: This study aims to prevent the risk of autism spectrum disorders in children by applying massage therapy based on analysis of the Modified Check List for Autism in Toddler (M-Chat) scores. Methods: The study was conducted from May 2019 to March 2020 at three public health centers in the city of Jakarta. An analysis was carried out before and after the application of massage in a time series of four periods on 10 children aged 18-36 months with M-Chat scores, then analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) to obtain a cut off point to determine the risk status of autism spectrum disorders. Results: The results showed that there was an effect of massage therapy on the M-Chat score of children with autism spectrum disorder risk p=0.004 <0.05 and changes in the M-Chat score of children with autism spectrum disorder risk experienced significant changes after massage in the third and fourth therapy periods. with p = 0.005 and p = 0.007 < 0.05. Conclusion: The results show that massage therapy can prevent the risk of autism spectrum disorders in children based on the Modified Check List for Autism in Toddler (M-Chat). Keywords: Massage therapy, babies, autism spectrum disorders, modified checklist for autism in toddler

Self-esteem is one aspect that can affect the mental development of children and will further affect the well-being of individuals. One of the factors that can influence is parenting from parents. Parental belief is one of the factors that play a role to underlie the behavior of parents to children. This study aims to see the picture of the dimensions that on parental belief variable, that is child rearing of belief scale, attribute of intelligence, and educational goals, as well as its influence on the development of self-esteem in elementary school-age children, especially in grade 3, 4 and 5 elementary school children on the people of the Betawi culture. Betawi culture is used as a special context in this study because it has unique characteristics when compared to other cultures in Indonesia. The number of participants included in this study were 36 participants spread across several areas of Jakarta. The parental belief in Betawi culture according to the dimensions in PBQ is obtained in the dimensions of the child rearing belief scale, the highest subdimension is developing practical skills; on the dimensions of attributes of intelligence, the highest subdimension is motivation for school tasks; and on the dimensions of the educational goals, the highest subdimension is emphasize conformity. To see the effect of dimensions on parental belief in self esteem, researchers use multiple regression methods. The results obtained there were no significant effects of each dimension of parental belief in children self-esteem.

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Curiosity in Indonesian children is considered lacking, indicated by their reluc-tance to ask question and low critical thinking skill. One factor which is often as-sociated with children’s curiosity development is their relationship with authority figure. This study aims to gain information about which aspect of parental belief that is seen as more important (especially related to autonomy and conformity), and how it affects children’s curiosity. This study involved 32 pairs of parent and child from Betawi society, as parental belief and curiosity are influenced by culture and Betawi society was deemed as the prototype of Indonesian society in the future. Parental belief was analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA and Bonferroni while curiosity was analyzed using multiple regression. Results shows that Betawi parents in general believe that autonomy is as important as conformity (p = 0,897 >0,05 with problem solving skills, p = 1,000 >0,05 with practical skills, and p = 0,261 >0,05 in academic objectives aspect), except in socialization at school con-text (p = 0,008 <0,05), and parental belief has no significant effect on children’s curiosity (p values are in range 0,284-0,982 >0,05).

Metacognition is the knowledge a person has of his or her thinking and of things related to that thinking process (Flavell, 1979). Children with metacognitive awareness have better self-management and time and activity management (Brown & Smiley, 1978; Schraw & Dennison, 1994). Parents' beliefs and behavior influence their children's cognitive development (S. Miller 1988; Carr et al, 1989). The aim of this study determines the influence of parental beliefs on children's metacognitive awareness. This study has a quantitative design, incorporating a self-report questionnaire, namely the Parental Beliefs Questionnaire (PBQ) or the Junior Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (Jr. MAI), depending on surveyed population. The participants are 64 parents and 64 students in the fourth grade from three schools. The results of PBQ regression analysis undertaken on the results of Jr. MAI do not show a significant relationship, with a significance-test value of 0.742. For further research, first, addition of participant is needed; second, addition of variables such as teacher beliefs and parental behavior may be needed in the next study.