Pollens are typically the primary reason for seasonal hypersensitivity caused in many people that are released by a hundred different species of plants for fertilization. Not all pollens are the same or have the same effect on human beings, there are those worse than others. The human body works out on a defence mechanism by creating certain reactions against those offensive pollens as a response by the immune system. The allergic reactions include sneezing, coughing, wheezing, itching, red-watery swelled eyes, runny nose, inflammation in the nasal passage frequently leading to rhinitis, asthma, skin irritation, and other respiratory disorders. This study is intended to acquire knowledge about a few plants with high allergenic properties along with their major allergens. It is evident that the pollination of the plants varies from season to season as it depends on various factors such as species, weather, and geographical location. Understanding these high allergenic plants with respect to their varying factors and cross-reacting properties is the purpose of this study. It is an effort to obtain deeper insights into these common pollen offenders.
Though Rice is cultivated in huge quantities, various disease causing agents will reduce the yield leading to not only losing the economy but also a food crisis. Production of rice is constrained by fungal, bacterial and viral diseases. In the current review, we focused on various pathological symptoms in Oryza species that cause high yield losses. In this context, plant breeders are attempting progressive research activity to achieve more yield and disease-resistant varieties that balance the world’s rice demand and increase the farmers' income. Rice was recognized as a genetic model for research in genetics and molecular biology, for understanding growth, development, tolerance to stress and disease resistance because of its small genome. The present review focuses on the various causative agents of diminishing rice yield along with the strategies to eradicate the pathogen and thereby increasing the yield. Recent research advances at genetic level have paved a way for novel approach to understand the significance between the pheno-genotypic variations with the crop yield of rice. Further, the review also includes the advanced methodologies at molecular level so as to save the rice cultivators from economic crisis. Disease resistant genes are identified and screened using molecular markers like SSR (simple sequence repeats), RAPD (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA), and RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphisms) analysis. There exist few reports in the literature about rice cultivation, but to the best of our knowledge in a single review both cause and remedy were not discussed in detail. In this context, our review provides an insight into the aspects attributing the crop loss followed by suggesting the suitable alternative method for enhancing crop yield.
Though Rice is cultivated in huge quantities, various disease causing agents will reduce the yield leading to not only losing the economy but also a food crisis. Production of rice is constrained by fungal, bacterial and viral diseases. In the current review, we focused on various pathological symptoms in Oryza species that cause high yield losses. In this context, plant breeders are attempting progressive research activity to achieve more yield and disease-resistant varieties that balance the world’s rice demand and increase the farmers' income. Rice was recognized as a genetic model for research in genetics and molecular biology, for understanding growth, development, tolerance to stress and disease resistance because of its small genome. The present review focuses on the various causative agents of diminishing rice yield along with the strategies to eradicate the pathogen and thereby increasing the yield. Recent research advances at genetic level have paved a way for novel approach to understand the significance between the pheno-genotypic variations with the crop yield of rice. Further, the review also includes the advanced methodologies at molecular level so as to save the rice cultivators from economic crisis. Disease resistant genes are identified and screened using molecular markers like SSR (simple sequence repeats), RAPD (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA), and RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphisms) analysis. There exist few reports in the literature about rice cultivation, but to the best of our knowledge in a single review both cause and remedy were not discussed in detail. In this context, our review provides an insight into the aspects attributing the crop loss followed by suggesting the suitable alternative method for enhancing crop yield.
Multiple experimental investigations have been successful in suggesting the role of heat shock protein as a clinical biomarker and therapeutic target in several diseases. All living cells, from the simplest prokaryote to the most complex multicellular organism, contain heat shock proteins-molecular chaperones that are responsible for management of unfolded polypeptides within the cell. In view of the fundamental role of heat shock proteins in maintenance of protein homeostasis, it seems likely that malfunctions associated with members of heat shock protein families would have pathological effects. Such effects might be minimal under normal physiological conditions, but could be exacerbated at times. This review provides an overview of the cell biology and immunology of heat shock proteins focusing predominantly on immunological responses to heat shock proteins in a range of immune-mediated diseases and in infectious diseases.
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