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It was reported that substance P had beneficial effects in the healing of acute tendon injury. However, the relationship between substance P and degenerative tendinopathy development remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of substance P in the pathogenesis of tendinopathy. Healthy and tendinopathy tendon were harvested from human and tenocytes were cultured individually. The expression levels of genes associated with tendinopathy were compared. Next, substance P was exogenously administered to the healthy tenocyte and the effect was evaluated. The results showed that tendinopathy tenocytes had higher levels of COL3A1, MMP1, COX2, SCX, ACTA2, and substance P gene expression compared to healthy tenocytes. Next, substance P treatment on the healthy tenocyte displayed similar changes to that of the tendinopathy tenocytes. These differences between the two groups were also determined by Western blot. Additionally, cells with substance P had the tendinopathy change morphologically although cellular proliferation was significantly higher compared to that of the control group. In conclusion, substance P enhanced cellular proliferation, but concomitantly increased immature collagen (type 3 collagen). Substance P plays a crucial role in tendinopathy development and could be a future therapeutic target for treatment.

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Social science is under pressbre from within and from without to demonstrate that its work is relevant for guiding practice and policy making in education and other social services. The current cuts in Federal funding for social science research provide added impetus to demonstrate more convincingly the relevance of social science research. The Yearbook chapters were illuminating for me in thinking about why the relevance is not more effectively demonstrated and in suggesting what steps might be taken to make social science knowledge more useful. Much of this review consists of the building of a tentative conceptual framework which suggests interrelationships between the nature of knowledge and the usefulness of knowledge. The framework evolved out of my own interest in synthesis and out of my need for some larger framework from which to view the Yearbook chapters.