For decades, key legislative acts such as the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (1975, 1990, 2004), and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 have mandated provisions for greater inclusion for individuals with disabilities in areas of education, access, and employment. Yet despite these historic actions, research indicates that people with disabilities still face negative perceptions and attitudinal barriers (Louvet, 2007; Smart, 2008). The measurement of attitudes held by undergraduate students toward persons with disability may be of primary consideration when attempting to understand contemporary social attitudes, as current undergraduate cohorts are within the first generation in the United States to have grown up wholly in the era of legislatively mandated disability rights. Attitudes are commonly understood to encompass three elements, namely beliefs (a cognitive component), feelings (an affective component), and actions or the intention to act (a behavioral component) (Kowalska & Winnicka, 2013;
A large body of research has examined the organizational factors that promote women's access to positions of workplace authority. Fewer studies explore how women's access to these positions influences gender inequality among subordinates. Utilizing a 2005 national sample of South Korean organizations, this article examines whether having women in managerial and supervisory roles is associated with lower levels of workplace sex segregation. In other words, do female leaders function as "agents of change," or are they merely "cogs in the machine"? The findings indicate that women's representation in managerial positions is associated with lower levels of sex segregation. Women's representation among supervisory positions, however, is associated with higher levels of sex segregation. The results, in general, suggest that women in higher levels of organizational power may be important catalysts for change, while women in supervisory positions may be a manifestation of institutionalized inequality. The authors conclude with implications for theory and future research.
Background: Critically ill horses are susceptible to thrombotic disease, which might be related to increased platelet reactivity and activation.Objectives: To compare the effect of oral clopidogrel and aspirin (ASA) on equine platelet function. Animals: Six healthy adult horses. Methods: Horses received clopidogrel (2 mg/kg PO q24h) or ASA (5 mg/kg PO q24h) for 5 days in a prospective randomized cross-over design. Platelet aggregation responses to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and collagen via optical aggregometry, and platelet secretion of serotonin (5HT) and production of thromboxane B 2 (TXB 2 ) by ELISA were evaluated. In horses receiving clopidogrel, high-performance liquid chromatography analysis for clopidogrel and its carboxylic-acid metabolite SR 26334 was performed.Results: SR 26334 was identified in all clopidogrel-treated horses, although the parent compound was not detected. Clopidogrel resulted in decreases in ADP-induced platelet aggregation persisting for 120 hours after the final dose. ADP-induced platelet aggregation decreased from a baseline of 70.2 AE 14.7% to a minimum of 15.9 AE 7.7% 24 hours after the final dose (P o .001). Collagen-induced aggregation decreased from a baseline of 93 AE 9.5% to a minimum of 70.8 AE 16.9% 48 hours after the final dose (P o .001). ASA did not decrease platelet aggregation with either agonist. ASA decreased serum TXB 2 from a baseline value of 1310 AE 1045 to 128 AE 64 pg/mL within 24 hours (P o .01).Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Clopidogrel effectively decreases ADP-induced platelet aggregation in horses, and could have therapeutic applications for equine diseases associated with platelet activation.
Taken together, results attest to the ongoing importance of religious similarity-service attendance, in particular-for partnership quality in late life. Future research is needed to more fully examine which mechanisms account for these patterns.
Experiences of discrimination and mental disorder have been recognized as risks for suicidality. Yet, few studies have examined the direct and indirect effects of discrimination on suicidal ideation through mental disorder among Latino adults in the U.S. This study aimed to examine whether everyday discrimination and racial/ethnic discrimination is associated with suicidal ideation and if mental disorder (i.e., DSM-IV depressive, anxiety, and substance use) mediates the association. Discrimination was operationalized with self-reported discriminatory experience. This study applied a mediation analysis to the data from National Latino and Asian American Survey, 2002-2003. The key findings are: (a) everyday discrimination had an independent association with suicidal ideation as well as exerted an indirect effect through anxiety disorder. (b) Racial/ethnic discrimination was not directly associated with suicidal ideation, but its adverse effect on suicidal ideation was mediated by the depressive disorder.
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