TF-TEG using the described protocol may minimize variability in data obtained across institutions or users. However, due to the variability associated with different operators, it is recommended that each laboratory set up individual reference intervals with the personnel who will perform the assay, and that the assay protocols and data obtained are compared on a regular basis.

The PN tourniquet resulted in the highest synovial fluid amikacin concentrations in all horses, although administration with PN and WR tourniquets achieved adequate amikacin concentrations. NR tourniquet is ineffective and should not be used for RLP above the carpus in the standing horse.

Background: Coagulopathies in horses with gastrointestinal disease are frequently identified and associated with morbidity and fatality.Objective: Determine if thrombelastography (TEG) identifies abnormalities associated with lesion type, presence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), morbidity, and fatality more consistently than traditional coagulation testing.Animals: One-hundred and one horses examined for gastrointestinal disease and 20 healthy horses. Methods: TEG, tissue factor (TF)-TEG, and traditional coagulation panels parameters and percentages of horses with coagulopathies were compared for lesion type, presence of SIRS, complications, and survival.Results: Changes in individual parameters and increased incidence of coagulopathies were associated with fatality (R, P 5 .007; k-value [K], P 5 .004; clot lysis [CL]30, P 5 .037; CL60, P 5 .050; angle [Ang], P 5 .0003; maximum amplitude [MA], P 5 .006; lysis [Ly]30, P 5 .042; Ly60, P 5 .027; CI, P 5 .0004; ! 2 TEG coagulopathies, P 5 .013; ! 3 TEG coagulopathies, P 5 .038; TF-R, P 5 .037; TF-K, P 5 .004; TF-CL30, P o .0001; TF-CL60, P o .0001; TF-Ang, P 5 .005; TF-Ly30, P 5 .0002; TF-Ly60, P o .0001; TF-CI, P 5 .043; ! 1 TF-TEG coagulopathies, P 5 .003; ! 2 TF-TEG coagulopathies, P 5 .0004; prothrombin tme [PT], P o .0001; activated partial throboplastin time [aPTT], P 5 .021), inflammatory lesions (MA, P 5 .013; TF-CL30, P 5 .033; TF-CL60, P 5 .010; TF-Ly60, P 5 .011; ! 1 TF-TEG coagulopathy, P 5 .036; ! 2 TF-TEG coagulopathy, P 5 .0007; PT, P 5 .0005; fibrinogen, P 5 .019), SIRS (MA, P 5 .004; TF-CL30, P 5 .019; TF-CL60, P 5 .013; TF-Ly30, P 5 .020; TF-Ly60, P 5 .010; PT, P o .0001; aPTT, P 5 .032; disseminated intravascular coagulation, P 5 .005), and complications (ileus: aPTT, P 5 .020; diarrhea: TF-CL30, P 5 .040; TF-Ly30, P 5 .041; thrombophlebitis: ! 1 TF-TEG coagulopathy, P 5 .018; laminitis: MA, P 5 .004; CL60, P 5 .045; CI, P 5 .036; TF-MA, P 5 .019; TF-TEG CI, P 5 .019). Abnormalities in TEG and TF-TEG parameters were indicative of hypocoagulation and hypofibrinolysis.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: TEG identifies changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis associated with lesion type, SIRS, morbidity, and fatality in horses with gastrointestinal disease.

Synovitis of the radiocarpal joint resulted in an earlier observed T(max) and higher observed C(max) of intra-articular amikacin after IVRLP compared with normal joints.

The objective of this study was to determine the characteristics based on ultrasonographic examination of the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, cecum, and peritoneal fluid in normal adult ponies. Abdominal ultrasonographic examination was performed in nine unsedated standing ponies. The duodenum was examined at three sites and the jejunum in 12 regions. Wall thickness, contractility, distention, and luminal contents were recorded. Stomach wall thickness and location, cecal wall thickness, and peritoneal fluid location and character were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed. Wall thicknesses (in cm) were 0.431 +/- 0.069 for the stomach, 0.188 +/- 0.033 for the duodenum (at all sites), 0.195 +/- 0.031 for the jejunum (at all regions), and 0.179 +/- 0.031 for the cecum. Duodenal contractions per minute were 3.78 +/- 1.10. The stomach spanned 5.14 +/- 0.9 intercostal spaces, with the 8th intercostal space being the most cranial and the 15th intercostal space being the most caudal space through which the stomach was identified. It was possible to identify the jejunum in all ponies dorsal to the left dorsal colon and from the ventral abdominal wall. Peritoneal fluid was identified in six ponies. Peritoneal fluid was usually seen transiently and most commonly in the ventral aspect of the abdominal cavity or around the duodenum. Overall, the ponie's abdominal ultrasonographic examinations revealed wall thicknesses that were less than the published normal ranges for horses. It appears that ponies may have increased duodenal contractility than horses and that the conformation of ponies may change the locations for imaging the stomach.

BackgroundLower molecular weight and molar substitution formulations of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solutions might maximize cardiovascular function and colloid osmotic pressure (COP) and minimize adverse effects on coagulation.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo compare effects of 1 low and 1 high molecular weight and molar substitution HES solution on cardiovascular variables, COP, and hemostasis in normal horses.AnimalsEight healthy adult horses.MethodsRandomized, crossover designed study: 10 mL/kg bolus of 6% HES (600/0.75) (hetastarch) (HS), 6% HES (130/0.4) tetrastarch (TS), and 0.9% NaCl (NS). Variables recorded included central venous pressure (CVP), noninvasive arterial blood pressure, packed cell volume (PCV), COP, and automated platelet analysis (CT).ResultsCentral venous pressure was increased for 8 hours after all treatment (baseline = 8.4 ± 3.8; 8 hours = 10.3 ± 3.5 cm H2O; P < .001). HS and TS produced an increase in systolic arterial pressure (HS = 109.1 ± 11.9; TS = 109.5 ± 10.9 mmHg) and mean arterial pressure (HS = 80.4 ± 13.0; TS = 82.3 ± 10.1 mmHg) compared to NS (SAP = 103.2 ± 13.2 [P = .023]; MAP = 74.2 ± 11.4 mmHg [P = .048]). PCV decreased transiently with HS (baseline = 37.1 ± 4.4%; 1.5 hours = 31.6 ± 3.9%) and TS (baseline = 38.4 ± 3.9%; 1.5 hours = 32.2 ± 3.3%), but not NS (P = .007). COP was greater with HS (1 hour; 24.0 ± 2.1 mmHg) and TS (8 hours; 25.9 ± 2.1 mmHg) than NS (1 hour = 20.8 ± 2.6; 8 hours = 22.9 ± 3.1 mmHg; P < .001). CT was greater at 8 (HS = 178.6 ± 36.9; TS = 121.9 ± 33.3; NS = 108.3 ± 23.6 seconds) and 24 hours (HS = 174.2 ± 41.7; TS = 100.8 ± 26.0; NS = 118.7 ± 38.7 seconds; P < .001) in horses receiving HS than TS or NS.Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceBoth TS and HS resulted in more effective volume expansion and arterial pressure support than NS. TS produced a more sustained effect on COP with shorter duration of adverse effects on platelet function than HS.

) for end-to-end equine jejunojejunostomies. Methods: End-to-end jejunojejunostomies were constructed using 2C (n = 7), 1L (n = 7) and 1C (n = 7) in harvested equine jejunum and construction times were recorded. Anastomosed and control segments were distended with gas until failure. Intraluminal pressure at failure and mode of failure were recorded. Lumen size reduction was calculated as a percentage decrease from control jejunum. Results were compared using an ANOVA and P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: The 1C anastomoses were faster to construct than the 1L anastomoses, which were faster to construct than the 2C anastomoses. There were no differences in bursting pressures between the different anastomoses and control jejunum. All anastomoses decreased lumen size from control values but there were no differences in lumen reduction between types of anastomoses. Conclusions: Single layer anastomoses are faster to construct than double layer anastomoses, with the 1C being fastest. Single layer anastomoses are as strong and result in comparable lumen size reduction as traditional 2C anastomoses. Potential relevance: As the 1C anastomosis results in less exposed potentially adhesiogenic suture material than the 1L while providing adequate strength and similar luminal size reduction, the 1C may be better for equine small intestine anastomosis and further in vivo studies are warranted.

Dilution of blood samples with all HES solutions resulted in changes in viscoelastic coagulation and platelet function that did not appear to be attributable to dilution alone. In vivo evaluations are necessary to understand the clinical impact of these in vitro changes.