BACKGROUND Marginal integrity of glass ionomer as a restorative material is an important factor for the longevity of the restoration. Class V and cervical abrasions are the most critical and challenging lesions for restorations. The choice of material for restoring class V and cervical abrasions is glass ionomer cement (GIC). Sensitivity to moisture contact during the early setting stages is the drawback of GIC. To overcome the drawback, modifications of glass ionomer cement were made by the addition of chitosan. Chitosan (CH) is a natural linear polysaccharide obtained partially and fully by deacetylated chitin compounds, which are found in crab and shrimp shells, with properties like nontoxicity, biodegradability, bioadhesive, biocompatibility, and biorenewabilty which has led to its use in various fields. Thus, this study intended to evaluate the microleakage of conventional glass ionomer cement and chitosan modified glass ionomer cement using a spectrophotometer. METHODS 60 teeth extracted for orthodontic propose were selected for the study and randomly divided into two groups, class V cavities were prepared on the buccal surface and samples were restored with conventional glass ionomer cement and chitosan modified glass ionomer cement respectively, teeth were immersed in 0.5 % methylene blue for 24 hours and assessed using a spectrophotometer. RESULTS The data were analysed using the Unpaired T - test, and with statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) for Windows, version 25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA). The confidence interval was set at 95 % and values of P < 0.05 were interpreted as statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS The study concluded that the addition of chitosan improves the mechanical properties of conventional glass ionomer cement, and a spectrophotometer can be used as a better evaluation tool in assessing microleakage. KEY WORDS Chitosan Modified GIC, Glass Ionomer Cement, Microleakage, Spectrophotometer
Introduction: For successful endodontics, there should be proper cleaning and shaping of the canal before the obturation. Various agitation techniques help in the removal of the debris and smear layer. With the removal of this debris and smear layer, there will be a better opening of dentinal tubules and penetration of sealer in the tubule. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of removal of debris and smear layer from prepared root canals by comparing ultrasonic agitation, F-file agitation, and NaviTip FX needle agitation using Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and SmearClear as irrigants. Materials and Methods: The present in-vitro study included 60 bilaterally matched pairs of extracted human premolar teeth with single canal and mature apices, were collected. All teeth were decoronated at the cementoenamel junction. The teeth were grooved longitudinally on the buccal and lingual surfaces. Instrumentation was done using K3 rotary files up to #40 and irrigation was carried out using 2 mL syringes mounted with Max-i-probe needles. Agitation procedure (n=10 for each group) was done as follows. Group 1: Ultrasonic agitation of 2.5% NaOCl for 30 seconds. Group 2: F-file agitation of 2.5% NaOCl for 30 seconds Group 3: NaviTip FX agitation of 2.5% NaOCl for one minute continuously. Group 4: Ultrasonic agitation of SmearClear for 30 seconds. Group 5: F-file agitation of SmearClear for 30 seconds. Group 6: NaviTip FX agitation of SmearClear for one minute continuously. The roots were split into two halves using a chisel and mallet. The amount of debris and smear layer was assessed using SEM at 1000X magnification at each root canal’s coronal, middle, and apical areas. Statistical analysis was done using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Statistically significant difference was obtained in the reduction of debris and smear layer between 2.5% NaOCl and SmearClear. Ultrasonic agitation of SmearClear was better than F-file agitation and NaviTip FX. In both debris and smear layer removal (p-value <0.05). Conclusion: Ultrasonic agitation of SmearClear was better than F-file agitation and NaviTip FX agitation. SmearClear produced better removal of debris and smear layer than 2.5% NaOCl.
INTRODUCTION: Vitamin D is an important molecule which plays pivotal role in overall human health and metabolism. This vitamin acts as both vitamin as well as hormone, and thus, dual nature of this vitamin makes it as one of the important chemicals required for the overall health, harmonious growth, and development. Recently, this vitamin is gaining large attention in dentistry, and it is becoming master regulator of dental health. It is well studied that vitamin D plays major role in calcium absorption for bone and teeth mineralisation, it acts as odontogenic inducer of differentiation of human dental pulp cells and in tooth development. STUDY SELECTION, DATA, AND SOURCES: Vitamin D regulates various signalling pathways in dental network and plays a beneficial role. Synthesis of vitamin D takes place in multiple steps in human body. The natural form of vitamin D is fat soluble in nature and is produced in the skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol molecules. Natural Sunlight through its ultraviolet B (UVB) energy converts the precursor7-dehydrocholesterol molecules to vitamin D3. Advanced and unhealthy lifestyle of modern times has led to the deficiency of vitamin D and metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Deficiency of vitamin D also leads to various dental problems including dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontal disease. In this short review, we are discussing the role of vitamin D and importance of its target genes in dental health. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Vitamin D has a major role in managing the oral health this article updates the clinician with the different genes which are responsible for the regulation of vitamin D in different tissues.
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