The heat transfer behaviour of convection-driven dynamos in a rotating plane layer between two parallel plates, heated from the bottom and cooled from the top, is investigated. At a fixed rotation rate (Ekman number, $E=10^{-6}$ ) and fluid properties (thermal and magnetic Prandtl numbers, $Pr=Pr_m=1$ ), both dynamo convection (DC) and non-magnetic rotating convection (RC) simulations are performed to demarcate the effect of magnetic field on heat transport at different thermal forcings (Rayleigh number, $Ra=3.83\times 10^{9}\text {--}3.83\times 10^{10}$ ). In this range, our turbulence resolving simulations demonstrate the existence of an optimum thermal forcing, at which heat transfer between the plates in DC exhibits maximum enhancement, as compared with the heat transport in the RC simulations. Unlike any global force balance reported in the literature, the present simulations reveal an increase in the Lorentz force in the thermal boundary layer, due to stretching of magnetic field lines by the vortices near the walls with a no-slip boundary condition. This increase in Lorentz force mitigates turbulence suppression due to the Coriolis force, resulting in enhanced turbulence and heat transfer.

Rapidly rotating convection-driven dynamos are investigated under different kinematic and magnetic boundary conditions using direct numerical simulations. At a fixed rotation rate, represented by the Ekman number $Ek=5\times 10^{-7}$ , the thermal forcing is varied from $2$ to $20$ times its value at the onset of convection ( $\mathcal {R}=Ra/Ra_c=2\unicode{x2013}20$ , where $Ra$ is the Rayleigh number), keeping the fluid properties constant ( $Pr=Pr_m=1$ , where $Pr$ and $Pr_m$ are the thermal and magnetic Prandtl numbers). The statistical behaviour of the dynamos, including the force balance, energetics, and heat transport, depends on the boundary conditions that dictate both the boundary layer and the interior dynamics. At a fixed thermal forcing ( $\mathcal {R}=3$ ), the structure and strength of the magnetic field produced by the dynamos, especially near the walls, depend on both velocity and magnetic boundary conditions. Though the leading-order force balance in the bulk remains geostrophic, the Lorentz force becomes comparable to the Coriolis force inside the thermal boundary layer with no-slip, perfectly conducting conditions. In this case, a term signifying the work done by the Lorentz force in the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) equation is found to have some components that extract energy from the velocity field to produce the magnetic field, while some other components extract energy from the magnetic field to produce TKE. However, with no-slip, pseudo-vacuum conditions, all the components of the work done by the Lorentz force perform unidirectional energy transfer to produce magnetic energy from the kinetic energy of the fluid to sustain dynamo action. We find heat transfer enhancement in the rotating dynamo convection, as compared with non-magnetic rotating convection, with the peak enhancement lying in the range $\mathcal {R}=3\unicode{x2013}4$ . For free-slip conditions, in the absence of an Ekman layer, the dynamo action may alter the heat transport significantly by suppressing the formation of large-scale vortices. However, the highest heat transfer enhancement is found at $\mathcal {R}=3$ with no-slip, perfectly conducting walls, which can be attributed to a local magnetorelaxation of the rotational constraint due to enhanced Lorentz force inside the thermal boundary layer.

Modern commercial airliners use multi-element aerofoils to enhance take-off and landing performance. Further, multielement aerofoil configurations have been shown to improve the aerodynamic characteristics of wind turbines. In the present study, high resolution Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is used to explore the low Reynolds Number (Re = 0.832 × 104) aerodynamics of a 30P30N multi-element aerofoil at an angle of attack, α = 4°. In the present simulation, wake shed from a leading edge element or slat is found to interact with the separated shear layer developing over the suction surface of the main wing. High receptivity of shear layer via amplification of free-stream turbulence leads to rollup and breakdown, forming a large separation bubble. A transient growth of fluctuations is observed in the first half of the separation bubble, where levels of turbulence becomes maximum near the reattachment and then decay depicting saturation of turbulence. Results of the present LES are found to be in close agreement with the experiment depicting high vortical activity in the outer layer. Some features of the flow field here are similar to those occur due to interactions of passing wake and the separated boundary layer on the suction surface of high lift low pressure turbine blades.

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