Hypovitaminosis D during pregnancy is suggested to have a link with complications in both mother and infant. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of two doses of vitamin D3 supplementation during pregnancy on maternal and cord blood vitamin D status, inflammatory biomarkers, and maternal and neonatal outcomes. A total of 84 pregnant women (gestational age of <12 weeks) were randomly allocated to one of two groups: (a) 1,000‐IU/d vitamin D and (b) 2,000 IU/d. Biochemical assessments (25‐hydroxycalciferol (25(OH)D), hs‐CRP, and cell‐culture supernatant concentrations of IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α) of mothers were performed at the beginning and 34 weeks of gestation. Assessments of infants at delivery comprised cord blood serum concentrations of 25(OH)D, hs‐CRP, IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α, birth sizes, and Apgar score. Circulating concentrations of 25(OH)D increased in both intervention groups with more increment in 2,000 IU/d than in 1,000 IU/d (46.7 ± 30.7 vs. 24.0 ± 21.07 nmol L−1, P = .001). Concentrations of TNF‐α decreased significantly in group 2,000 (−913.1 ± 1261.3 ng L−1, P = .01). The cord blood concentration of IL‐6 in group 2,000 IU/d, compared with 1,000 IU/d, was significantly lower (25.9 ± 32.0 vs. 4.6 ± 1.4 ng L−1, P = .03). The birth sizes including weight, length, and head circumference of the infants of group 2,000 IU/d were significantly higher than the infants' of group 1,000 IU/d. Supplementation with 2,000‐IU/d vitamin D3 is more effective than 1,000 IU/d in pregnant women in terms of increasing circulating 25(OH)D, ameliorating pro‐inflammatory markers notably TNF‐α in mother and IL‐6 in cord blood, and improving neonatal outcomes including the birth sizes.
Background:Dietary micronutrients have been proposed to protect against oxidative damage and related clinical complications.Aims:We aimed to compare the micronutrient intake between individuals with and without metabolic syndrome (MS).Materials and Methods:This cross-sectional study included 3800 men and women who were aged between 35 and 65 years. The diagnosis of the MS was based on International Diabetes Federation criteria. Dietary intake of participants was assessed using a questionnaire for 24 h dietary recall. Student's t-test and Mann–Whitney U-tests were used for comparing the micronutrient intake of subjects with or without the MS and the odds ratio for the presence of the MS was calculated for each micronutrient by control for total energy intake adjusted by the residue method.Results:The mean age of MS subjects and the control group was 48.8 ± 7.9 years and 47.6 ± 7.6 years, respectively. Energy-adjusted intake of vitamin E (P < 0.05), B2 (P < 0.01), and B12 (P < 0.05) was higher in normal women compared with women with MS. Energy-adjusted intake of vitamin B1 was significantly higher in women with MS. After logistic regression analysis, no significant association between micronutrient intake and MS was shown.Conclusion:We found no significant association between micronutrient intake and MS.
Background Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy is common and is likely to be associated with metabolic complications in the mother. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of two doses of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on maternal and cord blood vitamin D status and metabolic and oxidative stress biomarkers. Methods The eligible pregnant women (n = 84) invited to participate in the study and randomly allocated to one of the two supplementation groups (1000 IU/d vitamin D and 2000 IU/d). Biochemical assessments of mothers including serum concentrations of 25(OH)D, calcium, phosphate, iPTH, fasting serum sugar (FBS), insulin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were done at the beginning and 34 weeks of gestation. Cord blood serum concentrations of 25(OH)D, iPTH, MDA and TAC were assessed at delivery as well. To determine the effects of vitamin D supplementation on metabolic markers 1-factor repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. Between groups comparisons was done by using Independent-samples Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney test. P < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results Supplementation with 1000 IU/d and 2000 IU/d vitamin D resulted in significant changes in vitamin D status over pregnancy (24.01 ± 21.7, P < 0.001 in 1000 IU/d group and 46.7 ± 30.6 nmol/L, P < 0.001 in 2000 IU/d group). Daily intake of 2000 compared with 1000 IU/d tended to increase the serum concentration of HDL-C (10 ± 8.37, P < 0.001 in 1000 IU/d group and 9.52 ± 11.39 mg/dL, P < 0.001 in 2000 IU/d group). A significant decrement in serum concentration of iPTH observed in both groups (− 4.18 ± 7.5, P = 0.002 in 1000 IU/d group and − 8.36 ± 14.17, P = 0.002 in 2000 IU/d group). Conclusions Supplementation with 2000 IU/d vitamin D as compared with 1000 IU/d, is more effective in promoting vitamin D status and HDL-C serum concentration and in decreasing iPTH over pregnancy. Trial registration This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03308487). Registered 12 October 2017 ‘retrospectively registered’.
Background and Objectives: Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy is prevalent throughout the world and has been associated with complications in mothers and infants. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of two doses of vitamin D supplementation (1000 IU/d versus 2000 IU/d) during pregnancy on maternal and cord blood vitamin D status, metabolic, inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers as well as maternal and neonatal outcomes (birth size and Apgar score). Methods: A total of 84 pregnant women with the eligible criteria are randomly allocated to one of the two supplementation groups: (a) 1000 IU/d vitamin D which is routinely given to pregnant women, and (b) 2000 IU/d. Biochemical assessments of mothers are performed at the beginning and 34 weeks of gestation. They include serum concentrations of 25-hydroxycalciferol (25(OH)D), calcium, phosphate, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), fasting serum glucose (FSG), insulin, lipid profile including triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoproteincholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL_C), as well as high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and the maternal cell-culture supernatant concentrations of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. Assessments of infants at delivery comprise cord blood serum concentrations of 25(OH)D, iPTH, hs-CRP, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α birth sizes and Apgar score. Discussion: The results obtained from the clinical efficacy trials on the appropriate dose for vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy are controversial. The current study could be a step to attenuate the existent controversy on evaluating the efficacy of two doses of vitamin D supplement on a wide spectrum of both mother and newborn outcomes. Meanwhile our study could give a clue to the policy-makers at MOH by revealing the efficacy of currently prescribed 1000 IU/d vitaminD3 versus 2000 IU/d.
Considering the progressive prevalence and co-occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), as well as the current evidence suggesting the elevated levels of basal metabolic rate (BMR) among these individuals, the present study aimed to identify factors determining hypermetabolism in such subjects. This cross sectional study was conducted in 30 to 53-year-old individuals with concurrent T2DM and NAFLD (controlled attenuation parameter score ≥ 260 dB/m). Resting energy expenditure (REE) was determined by an indirect calorimetry device. Hypermetabolism was defined as an elevated measured REE > 110% of the predicted REE. The multivariate logistic regression test was used for detecting factors associated with hypermetabolism. Between September, 2017, and March, 2018, a total of 95 eligible participants (64.40% male) with both T2DM and NAFLD were included, while 32.63% of them were classified as hypermetabolic. Overall, the mean recruitment age ± standard deviation and median (interquartile range) body mass index were 44.69 ± 5.47 years and 30.20 (27.80–33.30) kg/m2, respectively. Demographic, anthropometric and biochemical variables did not vary significantly across two groups except for total body water, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors (p < 0.05). According to the results of multivariable logistic regression analyses, hypermetabolism had a positive association with adiponectin (odds ratio [OR] 1.167, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.015–1.342, p = 0.030), physical activity (OR 1.134, 95% CI 1.002–1.284, p = 0.046), alanine transaminase (OR 1.062, 95% CI 1.006–1.122, p = 0.031) and diastolic blood pressure (OR 1.067, 95% CI 1.010–1.127, p = 0.021). However, fat free mass was inversely related to hypermetabolism (OR 0.935, 95% CI 0.883–0.991, p = 0.023). Adiponectin, alanine transaminase, physical activity, diastolic blood pressure and fat free mass were independently associated with hypermetabolism in subjects with NAFLD and T2DM.
Background Vitamin D deficiency, a common problem among pregnant women, is linked with maternal inflammation, oxidative stress and consequent adverse pregnancy outcomes. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in pregnant women according to the PRISMA guidance. Methods Four databases including PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane were used for searching papers published until 25th July 2022. Clinical trials that assessed 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), inflammatory markers (including high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and certain cytokines) and oxidative stress markers (including malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and glutathione (GSH)) in pregnant women, were included in this review. The primary search of three databases displayed 21571 records. After removing duplicates and irrelevant articles, 17 eligible RCTs included for more evaluation. Random effect model and Der Simonian-Laird method were used to pool the data of studies. Risk of bias assessed according to version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. Results According to the meta-analysis result, vitamin D supplementation caused a significant increase in the maternal circulating concentrations of 25(OH)D (SMD 2.07; 95%, CI 1.51, 2.63; p < 0.001), TAC (SMD 2.13, 95% CI 1.04 to 3.23, p < 0.001) and GSH (SMD 4.37, 95% CI 2.9 to 5.74, p < 0.001) as well as a significant decrease in the levels of MDA (SMD -0.46, 95% CI -0.87 to -0.05, p = 0.02). However, it had no significant impact on hs-CRP concentrations (SMD 0.24; 95% CI, -0.55, 1.03; p = 0.50). Conclusion In the present study, vitamin D supplementation led to increased levels of 25(OH)D, TAC and GSH and also decreased concentration of MDA. Nevertheless, because of low certainty of evidence, these findings have to be declared conservatively. Trial registration Registration code in PROSPERO website: CRD42020202600
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