Tomato is considered among the most important horticulture crops in both temperate and tropical regions, and two of the major biotic stresses include Fusarium oxysporun f.sp. lycopersici (Fol) and Verticillium dahliae (Vd). The effect of soil incorporated spearmint and oregano dried plant material on physiological, yield and quality parameters of tomato, along with their efficacy against soilborne fungal diseases, was studied in pot experiments conducted in a greenhouse environment. Tomato plants grown in soil amended with spearmint or oregano showed better agronomical characteristics (taller plants with thicker stems) and improved physiological ones (higher chlorophyll content index and photosynthetic rate). Yield was increased and the qualitative features of tomato fruits were enhanced. In addition, plants grown in soil amended with spearmint or oregano and inoculated with Fol or Vd had no visual disease symptoms 50 days from the inoculated tomato transplantation, except from plants grown in soil amended with oregano and inoculated with Fol, which showed symptoms of chlorosis and leaves loss. These enhancements on physiological parameters and on disease suppression resulted in increased fruit yields of plants–grown in soil amended with spearmint and oregano and inoculated with Fol or Vd–by 77%–95% compared with free-disease controls. GC-MS analysis of volatiles derived from soils amended of either spearmint or oregano indicated that several constituents remained in the soil environment long after incorporation of plant material, although, at lower concentrations and considerable modified. The current study reveals that direct incorporation of spearmint or oregano plant material into the soil could improve tomato tolerance against soilborne fungi, soil fertility and consequently increase yield and product quality.
Potato wart is one of the most important quarantine diseases of potato in the world. In Georgia, symptoms of wart were first seen in 2009–2013 during observations on potato in home gardens in Khulo district, although they may have been present since 2006. However, potato wart presence was only confirmed by PCR in 2013. Isolates pw13N and pw13 of Synchytrium endobioticum collected from the infested area of the village Didadjara, Khulo municipality were tested using laboratories in Georgia and the Netherlands in the framework of collaboration between scientists of Batumi State University and the National Plant Protection organization of the Netherlands. Additionally, pot tests were carried out in Georgia. Based on the results obtained, the pathotype found in Georgia is not known from Europe, and based on its reactions this pathotype resembles pathotype 38 (Nevşehir) detected in (the non‐European part of) Turkey.
Aim. To determine the occurrence and persistence of Synchytrium endobioticum, resting spore contamination in a small survey of (known infested) potato plots in Ukraine and Georgia; to compare the detection efficiency for resting spores (winter sporangia) of S. endobioticum using an extraction method, routinely applied in Ukraine, based on the use of sodium iodide (NaI) and an extraction method largely based on EPPO Standard PM 7/28(2) (2017), using kaolin and calcium chloride (CaCl2) for extraction. Methods. The examination of fields, aimed at detecting of S. endobioticum in 22 infested plots in Georgia, was conducted following the standard European Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO) phytosanitary procedure PM 3/59(3) (2017), and in Ukraine in 11 plots according to the Ukrainian Standard ‘Methodological recommendations on sampling during quarantine inspection and evaluation’ (Omeluta V P et al, 1996). Resting spores were extracted using kaolin and CaCl2 (following largely EPPO Standard PM 7/28(2) 2017), and floatation in a solution of NaI (Zelya et al, 2005), respectively. The content of soil organic matter (SOM), collected in potato wart infested plots in Ukraine and Georgia, was determined according to the ‘Method of laboratory determination of the content of organic matter’, largely following the method of Tyurin to determine total soil organic carbon (Jankauskas B et al, 2006). The persistence or decline of potato wart in infested plots was evaluated, based on our own observations and the data of the national phytosanitary services (https://dpss.gov.ua; http://agr.georgia.gov). The results of the study were subjected to statistical analysis, using Statistica 5 software. Results. It was found that under a low up to high level of organic matter in soil samples (2.0–2.7 and 3.1–3.9 %, respectively) and a moderate to high level of inoculum in soil (3–15 up to 41–65 resting spores/g soil, respectively) there were no significant differences in the efficiency of two extraction methods under consideration: the floatation in a solution of NaI and the application of kaolin and CaCl2. However, at a low number of resting spores present in soil (1–2 resting spores/g soil), the efficiency of the method using NaI decreased statistically significant by 20–30 % as opposed to the method using kaolin/CaCl2. A relatively high level of soil contamination with resting spores was found in 11 investigated plots of 4 Ukrainian regions: 41–46 resting spores/g soil in the Ivano-Frankivsk Region, 49 in the Lviv Region, 40–65 in the Zakarpattia and 52–65 Chernivtsi Regions. The majority of the 22 investigated Georgian plots showed a low inoculum level (1–7 resting spores/g soil) and only in one village their level amounted to 15 resting spores/g soil (Uchguli village, Mestia municipality). Conclusions. The method applying sodium iodide was found to be comparable to the method applying kaolin and CaCl2 under conditions of moderate to high inoculum levels (15–65 resting spores/g soil) but the latter method was more efficient under conditions of high content of organic matter and very low inoculum level (
Our Organization has been conducting plant diseases monitoring and diagnostics of their causal agents. We found the following quarantine pathogens: Dickeya sp., Ralstonia solanacearum, Erwinia amylovora, Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, Synchytrium endobioticum. To fix diseases on time and study their causing pathogens, is fundamental for the country safety and makes it possible not to infect a huge territory.
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