We studied wolf (Canis lupus) selection of 19 den, 10 rendezvous, and 31 resting sites found between 1986 and 2000 in the Bia»owieóa Forest (Poland). Our objective was to determine whether wolves selected sites far from villages, forest edges, and roads, and whether these sites had dense ground cover for concealment. We also tested whether wolves selected a particular forest type for their den sites. Den and rendezvous sites were located at greater distances from villages, forest edges, and intensively used roads than random points. Locations of resting sites were not affected by these manmade structures. Wolves selected dry coniferous forests for den sites but also used other forest types. We concluded that the suitability of an area for pup raising depended mainly on the spatial distribution of forest, human settlements, and public roads, and to a lesser extent on habitat characteristics.Résumé : Nous avons étudié la sélection par des loups (Canis lupus) de 19 antres, 10 lieux de rendez-vous et 31 points de repos trouvés entre 1986 et 2000 dans la forêt de Bia»owieóa (Pologne). Notre but était de déterminer si les loups sélectionnent des sites éloignés des villages, de l'orée de la forêt et des routes ou des sites où la végétation au sol est dense et leur permet de se dissimuler. Nous avons aussi vérifié si, pour établir leurs antres, les loups sélection-nent un type particulier de forêt. Les antres et les lieux de rendez-vous se situent plus loin des villages, de l'orée de la forêt et des routes à forte circulation que des points aléatoires. L'emplacement des points de repos n'est pas affecté par les structures d'origine humaine. Les loups établissent leurs antres dans les forêts de conifères sèches, mais ils utilisent aussi d'autres types de forêt. Nous avons conclu que les facteurs qui affectent la sélection de l'environnement chez les loups durant l'élevage des jeunes sont principalement la répartition des forêts, celle des habitations et celle des routes publiques, alors que l'habitat joue un rôle secondaire.Theuerkauf et al. 167

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Wild parrots represent one of the greatest commercial interests in the legal trade in wild birds. Although it is difficult to quantify, there is a considerable illegal trade in wild parrots. Thirty-six per cent of the world's parrot species are listed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature as threatened or near threatened, and 55% of these are threatened to some degree by trade. In this paper, we investigate the impact of protection on the number of nests that failed because of nestlings being taken by humans (hereafter nest take) and on nesting success in parrots. We collate data on parrot nest take from published and unpublished studies from Africa, Asia and Australasia, including countries and sites with and without national and local parrot protection measures in place. Nest take was insignificant in Australia, where all studies were from areas with both local and national protection. For less developed countries, levels of nest take were variable between studies, spanning the whole range from 0 to 100%. Protection significantly reduced nest take and correspondingly increased nesting success. Our results corroborate those for the Neotropics; thus, the advantages of protection appear to be independent of geographical location or political and economic conditions. We analysed data on legal trade in wild-caught parrots before and after implementation of the 1992 Wild Bird Conservation Act (which practically eliminated import of parrots to the USA) and found that there was no apparent shift in parrot imports to other global regions from the Neotropics. We suggest that conservation of parrots globally would benefit from similar legislation introduced in other regions, such as the EU (15), which is responsible for more than 60% of global imports of wild parrots.

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