SUMMARY The oral stage of swallowing was studied in two groups of 10 cerebral‐palsied (CP) children (one drooled and the other did not), and 10 normal children, aged six to 14 years. Small amounts of liquid (0.5 to 1mL) were placed under the tongue or behind the lower lip and intra‐oral pressure was measured during the suction and propulsion stages. The CP children who drooled showed no abnormality in the propulsion of liquid towards the pharynx, bur all showed abnormal suction or liquid onto the tongue. The difficulty seems to be associated with three types of disturbance: incomplete lip‐closure during swallowing, low suction‐pressure and prolonged delay between the suction and propelling stages. RÉSUMÉ Troubles de la délutition associes au bavage chiz I'enfunt IMC L'etape orale de la deglutition a ete etudiee chez deux groupes de 10 enfants IMC (un groupe avec bavage et I'autre non) et chez 10 enfants normaux, agés de six a 14 ans. De petites quantités de liquide (0.5 a lmL) furent places sous la langue ou derriere la lévre inférieure, et la pression intraorale, fut mesurée durant les étapes de aspiration intra‐orale et de propulsion. Les enfants IMC avec bavage ne montrérent pas d'anomalies de propulsion du liquide vers le pharynx, mais tous montrerent une aspiration intra‐orale anormale de liquide vers la langue. Les difficult & paraissent associees a trois types de troubles: fermeture incomplete des levres durant la degluticion, faible pression de aspiration intra‐oralc et delai prolongé entre les stades de aspiration inrra‐orale et du propulsion. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Schliicksroriingen in Verbindung mit Speicfieiflufs bei Kindern mit Cerebralparese Bei zwei Gruppen von 10 Kindern mit Cerebralparese (CP) (eine mit Speichelflub, die andere ohne) und 10 gesunden Kindern im Alter zwischen sechs und 10 gesuden Kindern im Alter zwischen sechs und 14 Jahren wurde die orale Phase des Schluckens untersucht. Kleine Flussigkeitsmengen (0.5 bis lml) wurden die oral Zunge oder hinter gemessen. Die Kinder mit SpeichelfluB ziegten keine Anomalien bei der Propulsion von Flussigkeit zum Pharynx, aber alle waren auffalig beim Saugen der Flussigkeit auf die Zunge. Die Schwierigkeit niedriger Saugdruck und Verzogerung zwischen Saug‐und Propulsionsphase. RESUMEN Alteraciones en la salivacion asociadas a babeo en ninos con paralisis con paralists cerebral Se estudio la fase oral de la deglucion en dos gupos de 10 ninos con paralisis cerebral (PC) (de los que uno babeaba ye el otro no) ye en 10 ninos normales, todos de seis a 14 anos. Se colocaron prequenas cantidades de liquido bajo la lengua o detrias del labio inferior y seis a la presion intracbucal durante las fases de succion y propulsion. Los ninos PC que babeaban no mostraron ninguna anormalided en la propulsion de liquidos hacia la faringe, pero todos mostraron una succion anormal sobre la lengua. Parece que la dificulted esta asociada a tres tipos de alteracion: prolongado entire la succion y la propulsion.
Zusammenfassung: Studienabbruch ist mit hohen gesellschaftlichen Kosten und häufig auch mit hohen individuellen Kosten verbunden. Daher ist die erforschung seiner Ursachen eine wichtige aufgabe der bildungsforschung. Die literatur zum Studienabbruch umfasst arbeiten aus den verschiedenen Disziplinen wie der Psychologie, der Pädagogik, der Soziologie und der Ökonomie. Über die Vielfalt von Perspektiven und ergebnissen versucht der aufsatz einen strukturierten Überblick zu geben, indem er den Stand der Studienabbruchforschung von drei Seiten beleuchtet: Zunächst werden vier theoretische Perspektiven unterschieden und ihre argumentation kurz dargestellt. Daraufhin werden wesentliche Faktoren in ihrer Wirkung auf den Studienabbruch beschrieben und zu gruppen zusammengefasst. anhand der bestehenden analysen zum Studienabbruch wird schließlich herausgearbeitet, welche zentralen anforderungen das Design zukünftiger Studienabbruchsuntersuchungen erfüllen sollte.Schlüsselwörter: Studienabbruch · Hochschulforschung · Studium · längsschnittdaten Abstract: Dropout from higher education is associated with high costs for society in general, and also for the individual leaving higher education without a degree. therefore, research in higher education dropout is an important task for education research. there is literature on dropout from higher education in disciplines such as psychology, educational science, sociology and economics. because of the diversity of perspectives and results, this paper tries to give a structured review Z f bildungsforsch (2011) 1:235-248 236 a. Sarcletti und S. Müller considering three perspectives: At first, four theoretical perspectives are distinguished and their arguments are briefly presented. Then, relevant determinants are grouped and discussed concerning their influence on dropout. Finally, based on previous research on dropout, major requirements for the design of future studies in this field are developed.
Extending access to higher education has led to a growing heterogeneity in the social origins and previous educational biographies of first-year
-In pharmacoepidemiology studies, the nature of the research question will dictate the choice of methodological approach and the conditions for optimizing the level of evidence. Thus, to document the treated population and the modes of use of a new drug in real-life prescribing conditions, a descriptive approach through cross-sectional or longitudinal studies conducted on databases, or else ad-hoc studies, will be preferred. On the other hand, evaluation of the real-life "effectiveness" of a new drug will be based on cohort, case-control or scientific modeling, depending on the drug and the disease of interest. For questions involving drug risks and safety, it is the adverse effects profile that will guide the choice of study design, both for identification of the effect (signal) and assessment of causation. In all cases, in the post-marketing authorization (MA) setting, the evidence acquired in pre-MA studies serves as the basis for generating hypotheses. Whatever the research question and the method chosen to address it, the potential biases and their impact on the results need to be identified. In certain cases, a combination of several complementary approaches may prove preferable to a single study.Abbreviations: see end of article.
Various specialist cultures configure bodies as complex technological devices. We know little about how exactly this is done. I focus on one of these cultures, classical ballet, to praxeologically reconstruct the conceptual, situational and material configuration of bodies as particular instruments. The technologization of the body is closely intertwined with the scientification of the practice – its ladenness with scientific knowledge about the body and an elaborate apparatus for the production of bodies. When anatomical knowledge and didactics intertwine in ballet class, this facilitates an opening of the black box ‘body’ for technical improvement. ‘A body’ becomes a plurality of (in this case, anatomically distinguished) actants. This distributed corporeality suggests that ‘the body’ is an assemblage that becomes apparent as such in moments of its modification. The empirical case as well as the analytical approach here give reason to reconsider the distinction between humans and non-humans that still prevails in actor-network theory and elsewhere.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.