A great number of works have focused their research on the synthesis, design and optical properties of gold nanoparticles for potential biological applications (bioimaging, biosensing). For this kind of application, sharp gold nanostructures appear to exhibit the more interesting features since their surface plasmon bands are very sensitive to the surrounding medium. In this paper, a complete study of PEGylated gold nanostars and PEGylated bipyramidal-like nanostructures is presented. The nanoparticles are prepared in high yield and their surfaces are covered with a biocompatible polymer. The photophysical properties of gold bipyramids and nanostars, in suspension, are correlated with the optical response of single and isolated objects. The resulting spectra of isolated gold nanoparticles are subsequently correlated to their geometrical structure by transmission electron microscopy. Finally, the PEGylated gold nanoparticles were incubated with melanoma B16-F10 cells. Dark-field microscopy showed that the biocompatible gold nanoparticles were easily internalized and most of them localized within the cells.

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The synthesis and photophysical properties of two lipophilic quadrupolar chromophores featuring anthracenyl (1) or dibromobenzene (2) were described. These two chromophores combined significant two-photon absorption cross-sections with high fluorescence quantum yield for 1 and improved singlet oxygen generation efficiency for 2, in organic solvents. The use of Pluronic nanoparticles allowed a simple and straightforward introduction of these lipophilic chromophores into biological cell media. Their internal distribution in various cell lines was studied using fluorescence microscopy and flow-cytometry following a successful staining that was achieved upon 2 h of incubation. Finally, multiphoton excitation microscopy and photodynamic therapy capability of the chromophores were demonstrated by cell exposure to a 820 nm fs laser and cell death upon one photon resonant irradiation at 436 ± 10 nm, respectively.

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International audienceA simple polymerisation strategy allows water solubilisation of chromophores for biophotonics, with good conservation of their fluorescence quantum-yield. Preliminary investigations show that the resulting objects are valuable candidates for photodynamic therapy and two-photon fluorescence imaging

One of the challenges of photodynamic therapy is to increase the penetration depth of light irradiation in the tumor tissues. Although two-photon excitation strategies have been developed, the two-photon absorption cross sections of clinically used photosensitizers are generally low (below 300 GM). Besides, photosensitizers with high cross section values are often non-water-soluble. In this research work, a whole family of photosensitizer-polymer conjugates was synthesized via the covalent binding of a photosensitizer with a relatively high cross section along a biocompatible copolymer chain. The resulting photosensitizer-polymer conjugates were water-soluble and could be imaged in cellulo by two-photon microscopy thanks to their high two-photon absorption cross sections (up to 2600 GM in water, in the NIR range). In order to explore the structure/photodynamic activity relationship of such macromolecular photosensitizers, the influence of the polymer size, photosensitizer density, and presence of charges along the polymer backbone was investigated (neutral, anionic, cationic, and zwitterionic conjugates were compared). The macromolecular photosensitizers were not cytotoxic in the absence of light irradiation. Their kinetics of cellular uptake in the B16-F10 melanoma cell line were followed by flow cytometry over 24 h. The efficiency of cell death upon photoactivation was found to be highly correlated to the cellular uptake in turn correlated to the global charge of the macromolecular photosensitizer which appeared as the determining structural parameter.

International audienceFluorescent gold nanoparticles (GNPs) were prepared by chain-end grafting of RAFT copolymers bearing multiple fluorophores distributed along the chain. Two different synthetic approaches in water were first studied with well-defined and biocompatible homopolymers. Both led to very stable samples and the corona thickness at the gold surface increased with the polymer molecular weight. The two-step ligand exchange approach was then selected to synthesize GNPs grafted with polymer-chromophore conjugates exhibiting different molecular weights, backbone architectures and chromophores. Again, the thickness of the organic corona increased with the polymer molecular weight but was also dependent on the conformation of the conjugate chains which depends on the nature of the chromophores. By adjusting these parameters, it was possible to control the average chromophore-gold distance which is of paramount importance for the fluorescence properties of the nanoparticles. We indeed showed that the fluorescence of the hybrid nano-objects increased with the corona thickness

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