Foodborne and waterborne diseases caused by pathogens pose a serious threat to human life, and the detection of such pathogens in food, water, and beverages has gained paramount importance in view of the increasing number of pathogenic diseases in recent times. Standard and traditional analytical techniques employed for the recognition of deadly pathogens, including polymerase chain reaction‐based techniques, immunology‐based assays, culture and colony counting techniques, require several hours or perhaps even a few days for the results. All these techniques, despite being quite sensitive, are time‐intensive. Therefore, several researchers are focusing on the development of rapid pathogen detection techniques. Although the most advanced biosensing technologies exhibit potential approaches, significant research and testing is an urgent need to design innovative biosensors. Novel bioanalytical approaches for the recognition and quantification of target pathogens are being designed and developed to enhance the characteristics of biosensors, including rapid response, selectivity, and sensitivity. In this context, we not only provide an overview of the types of biorecognition elements employed for the detection of pathogens, but also discuss in detail the traditional approaches, biomolecular techniques, the latest advances in the detection and quantification of foodborne and waterborne pathogens, with particular emphasis on biosensors.

By 2030, energy storage stipulation will have tripled, necessitating the proliferation of various devices and systems. The discovery of graphene sparked an explosion of interest in two-dimensional (2D) material research. MXenes have a boundless range of potential applications, ranging from catalysis to electrochemical energy storage, by dint of their chemical diversity and electrical, mechanical, and optical properties. MXenes, or 2D transition metal carbides, carbonitrides, and nitrides, are formed by removing the A atom layer from the parent MAX phase with an etchant such as aqueous fluoride-containing acidic solutions. The physical and chemical attributes of Ti3C2, a member of the MXene family, make it a suitable electrode material for supercapacitors. Due to the large surface area of 649.171 m2 g–1 and its pore volume of 0.844 cm–3 g–1, the specific capacitance of the Ti3C2T x increases at an unprecedented rate of charge storage up to 633 F g–1.

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Theoretically, batteries based on lithium–sulfur have a high energy density. However, involuntary dendritic growth at the anode and poor high-loading performance at the cathode have plagued the practical implementation of Li–S batteries. However, capacity fading occurs due to the lithium polysulfide shuttle effect, while its redox nature should also be improved. Therefore, titanium carbide MXene (Ti3C2T x MXene) with a layered-stacked structure is used as an ideal host material for the sulfur cathode, with the sulfur content affecting the electrochemical performance of the composites consisting of sulfur nanoparticles and Ti3C2T x MXene. When the reactant has a 1:4 MXene-to-sulfur mass ratio, it gorges the layered-stacked structure equally. Additionally, the surface terminal groups exhibit a high degree of LiPS n adsorption. As a result, the S@MXene composite (68 wt %) demonstrated a superior cycling performance of 1034 mAh g–1 even after 100 cycles and an initial reversible capacity of 1231 mAh g–1 at 0.5C, respectively. This study establishes a platform for developing improved cathode materials based on sulfur for lithium–sulfur batteries.

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