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In this present work, the pristine and the different percentages of co-doped NiO nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized through the sol-gel method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) were used to study the structural, morphological, optical, functional, and magnetic properties of the synthesized materials. The XRD patterns confirmed the formation of cubic phased NiO with their crystallite size, microstrain, dislocation density was estimated, and the average crystallite size increased with co-dopant inclusion. By introducing the co-dopant proportion in NiO lattice, the intensity of optical absorption was found to increase and the optical bandgap decreased from (E g = 3.6, 3.54, 3.50 eV) due to quantum size effect. SEM result exhibits that the particles are spherical-shaped morphology. The VSM examination shows the magnetic transition of soft to hard-ferromagnetism in room temperature on Zn, Mn codopant ions occupying Ni translational symmetry.

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Transparent, nanophase-separated, inorganic-organic hybrid polymers with dielectric constants below 3.0 have been prepared from reactively functionalized poly(amic ester) derivatives and substituted, oligomeric silsesquioxanes. These hybrid materials are stable to 400 °C and above and form tough, crack-free films. Induced cracking and crack propagation studies performed with the application of external stress suggest a maximum critical film thickness of at least 2.0 μm under severe stress conditions. These hybrid materials appear to be significantly toughened by the chemical incorporation of the polyimides relative to organically modified silicates and spin-on-glasses without significantly effecting other important polymer properties of the silicates.