Two Gram-negative, motile, non-spore-forming and slightly halophilic rods (strains SW-145T and SW-156T) were isolated from sea water of the Yellow Sea in Korea. Strains SW-145T and SW-156T grew optimally at 37 and 30–37 °C, respectively, and in the presence of 2–6 % (w/v) NaCl. Strains SW-145T and SW-156T were chemotaxonomically characterized as having ubiquinone-9 as the predominant respiratory lipoquinone and C16 : 0, C18 : 1 ω9c, C16 : 1 ω9c and C12 : 0 3-OH as the major fatty acids. The DNA G+C contents of strains SW-145T and SW-156T were 58 and 57 mol%, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains SW-145T and SW-156T fell within the evolutionary radiation enclosed by the genus Marinobacter. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains SW-145T and SW-156T were 94·8 % similar. Strains SW-145T and SW-156T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity levels of 94·3–98·1 and 95·4–97·7 %, respectively, with respect to the type strains of all Marinobacter species. Levels of DNA–DNA relatedness, together with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values, indicated that strains SW-145T and SW-156T are members of two species that are distinct from seven Marinobacter species with validly published names. On the basis of phenotypic properties and phylogenetic and genotypic distinctiveness, strains SW-145T (=KCTC 12185T=DSM 16070T) and SW-156T (=KCTC 12184T=DSM 16072T) should be placed in the genus Marinobacter as the type strains of two distinct novel species, for which the names Marinobacter flavimaris sp. nov. and Marinobacter daepoensis sp. nov. are proposed.

A Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, yellow-pigmented, slightly halophilic bacterial strain, SW-109 T , was isolated from a tidal flat of the Yellow Sea in Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. This isolate did not produce bacteriochlorophyll a and contained ubiquinone-10 as the predominant respiratory lipoquinone and C 18 : 1 v7c as the major fatty acid. The DNA G+C content was 60?3 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain T is phylogenetically affiliated to the The genus Erythrobacter was proposed by Shiba & Simidu (1982) et al., 2005). The first two Erythrobacter species were orange-and red-or orangepigmented and contained bacteriochlorophyll a (BChl a) (Shiba & Simidu, 1982;Yurkov et al., 1994). However, two yellow-pigmented Erythrobacter species, E. citreus and E. flavus, lacking BChl a, have also been described (Denner et al., 2002;Yoon et al., 2003). In this study, we report on the taxonomic characterization of a slightly halophilic, yellow-pigmented Erythrobacter-like bacterial strain, SW-109 T , which was isolated from sea water of a tidal flat of the Yellow Sea in Korea. Strain SW-109T was isolated by the usual dilution-plating technique on marine agar 2216 (MA; Difco) at 30 u C. Cell morphology was examined by light microscopy (E600; Nikon) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The presence of flagella was determined by using TEM with cells from exponentially growing cultures. For transmission electron microscopic observation, the cells were negatively stained with 1 % (w/v) phosphotungstic acid and the grids were examined after air-drying with a Philips CM-20 transmission electron microscope. Growth under anaerobic conditions was determined after incubation in a Forma anaerobic chamber on MA and on MA supplemented with nitrate, both of which had been prepared anaerobically using nitrogen. Growth in the absence of NaCl was investigated in trypticase soy broth without NaCl (Difco). Growth at various NaCl concentrations was investigated in marine broth 2216 (MB; Difco) or trypticase soy broth (Difco). Growth at various temperatures (4-40 u C) was measured on MA. Catalase and oxidase activities and hydrolysis of casein, starch and Tweens 20, 40, 60 and 80 were determined as described by Cowan & Steel (1965). Hydrolysis of hypoxanthine, tyrosine and xanthine was tested on MA using the substrate concentrations described The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain T is AY739662.A

Two Gram-negative, motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped organisms, strains SW-117T and SW-120T, were isolated from sea water of the Yellow Sea in Korea and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strains SW-117T and SW-120T simultaneously contained both menaquinones (MK) and ubiquinones (Q) as isoprenoid quinones; the predominant menaquinone was MK-7 and the predominant ubiquinones were Q-7 and Q-8. The major fatty acid detected in the two strains was iso-C15 : 0. The DNA G+C content of strains SW-117T and SW-120T was 51 and 54 mol%, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains SW-117T and SW-120T fall within the radiation of the cluster comprising Shewanella species. Strains SW-117T and SW-120T showed a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 97·4 % and a DNA–DNA relatedness level of 10·1 %. Strains SW-117T and SW-120T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity levels of 93·8–98·5 % and 92·4–97·0 %, respectively, to Shewanella species. Strain SW-117T exhibited DNA–DNA relatedness levels of 8·3–20·3 % to the type strains of six phylogenetically related Shewanella species. On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic and genetic data, strains SW-117T and SW-120T were classified in the genus Shewanella as two distinct novel species, for which the names Shewanella marisflavi sp. nov. (type strain, SW-117T=KCCM 41822T=JCM 12192T) and Shewanella aquimarina sp. nov. (type strain, SW-120T=KCCM 41821T=JCM 12193T) are proposed, respectively.

A Gram-negative, motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain TF-22 T , was isolated from an intertidal sediment in Korea. This organism grew optimally at 30-37 6C and in the presence of 2-5 % (w/v) NaCl. It did not grow without NaCl or in the presence of more than 14 % (w/v) NaCl. Strain TF-22T was characterized chemotaxonomically as having ubiquinone-8 as the predominant respiratory lipoquinone and C 16 : 0 , C 16 : 1 v7c and/or iso-C 15 : 0 2-OH and C 18 : 1 v7c as the major fatty acids. The DNA G+C content of strain TF-22 T was 46?0 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rDNA sequences showed that strain TF-22 T falls within the c-subclass of the Proteobacteria and forms a coherent cluster with Alteromonas macleodii and Alteromonas marina. Levels of 16S rDNA similarity between strain TF-22 T and the type strains of two Alteromonas species were in the range 98?1-98?6 %. The level of DNA-DNA relatedness between strain TF-22 T and the type strains of two Alteromonas species was 15?7-18?5 %. Therefore, on the basis of phenotypic properties, phylogeny and genomic distinctiveness, strain TF-22 T should be placed in the genus Alteromonas as a novel species, for which the name Alteromonas litorea sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TF-22 T

Two Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped strains, SW-2 T and SW-26, were isolated from sea water of the East Sea in Korea. These organisms grew optimally at 37 6C and in the presence of 2-3 % (w/v) NaCl. They did not grow without NaCl or in the presence of >9 % (w/v) NaCl. Strains SW-2 T and SW-26 were characterized chemotaxonomically as having MK-7 as the predominant isoprenoid quinone and iso-C 15 : 0 as the major fatty acid. The DNA G+C content of strains SW-2 T and SW-26 was 43 mol%.A neighbour-joining tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains SW-2 T and

, was isolated from a soil sample collected from Sobaek Mountain, South Korea, and its taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. The novel strain grew well on different ISP media and no diffusible pigments were produced. The optimum temperature for growth was 32 6C. The aerial mycelium was well developed, but not fragmented. The strain was Gram-positive, non-motile and formed endospores on vegetative and aerial hyphae with a spiny surface. Cell walls of strain A 9500T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic amino acid, but no characteristic sugars or other amino acids were found (chemotype-III). The major menaquinone was MK-9(H 4 ) and the minor menaquinone was MK-10(H 4 ) and they were detected at a ratio of 7 : 3. Phosphatidylethanolamine was the diagnostic phospholipid. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 39.4 mol%. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C 15 : 0 (43.34 %), iso-C 16 : 0 (14.23 %) and C 16 : 0 (7.90 %), a composition that differed from members of related genera of the family Thermoactinomycetaceae. , 2006). These species are aerobic, Gram-positive and thermophilic, with the exception of two mesophilic species, Seinonella peptonophila and Mechercharimyces mesophilus. Here we describe another mesophilic member of the family Thermoactinomycetaceae.Strain A 9500 T was isolated and maintained on Bennett's agar (Atlas, 1993) medium for 2 weeks at 30 u C. Other media used for cultural characteristics were inorganic 3These authors contributed equally to this work.The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain A 9500T is AB049939.

A Gram-positive, rod-shaped, motile and endospore-forming bacterial strain, KSL-134 T , was isolated from an alkaline soil in Korea, and its taxonomic position was investigated by a polyphasic study. Strain KSL-134 T grew optimally at pH 7?5 and 30 6C. Its cell wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid. Strain KSL-134 T was characterized as having MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone and anteiso-C 15 : 0 as the major fatty acid. The DNA G+C content was 49?4 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain KSL-134 T formed a distinct lineage within the evolutionary radiation encompassed by the genus Paenibacillus. Similarity levels between the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain KSL-134 T and those of the type strains of recognized Paenibacillus species ranged from 90?4 to 96?5 %. DNA-DNA relatedness levels and some differential phenotypic properties were enough to distinguish strain KSL-134 T from several phylogenetically related Paenibacillus species. On the basis of phenotypic and phylogenetic data, strain KSL-134 T (=KCTC 3956 T =DSM 17040 T ) was classified in the genus Paenibacillus as a member of a novel species, for which the name Paenibacillus alkaliterrae sp. nov. is proposed.

Two Gram-positive bacterial strains, CM2104T and CM2110, isolated from the inner part of abnormally spoiled oriental melon (Cucumis melo) in Korea, were subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. The cell-wall peptidoglycan of strains CM2104 T and CM2110 contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid. The predominant menaquinone was MK-8(H 4 ). The major fatty acids detected in the two strains were iso-C 16 : 0 , C 17 : 1 v8c and C 18 : 1 v9c or C 17 : 0 . The DNA G+C content of the two strains was 73 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strains formed a coherent cluster with a clade comprising two Janibacter species, Janibacter limosus and Janibacter terrae. Strains CM2104 T and CM2110 exhibited a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity value of 99?7 % and a mean DNA-DNA relatedness level of 89 %. Strains CM2104 T and CM2110showed 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity levels of 97?8-98?4 % to the type strains of J. limosus and J. terrae. DNA-DNA relatedness between strains CM2104 T and CM2110 and the type strains of these two Janibacter species was 7-11 %. On the basis of the phenotypic and phylogenetic data and genomic distinctiveness, strains CM2104 T and CM2110 should be placed within the genus Janibacter as members of a novel species, for which the name Janibacter melonis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CM2104 T (=KCTC 9987 T =DSM 16063T =JCM 12321 T ).