Background: Social environment and type of care may influence mental health in late life. The aim of this study was to assess the associations between depression, anxiety, and self-esteem in older people. Methods: The study evaluated mental health in people older than 65 years of age in Zadar County, Croatia. The participants were interviewed using the Patient Health Questionnaire, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Multiple linear regressions were used to assess the correlations between depression, anxiety, and self-esteem. Results: Compared with elderly people living in their own homes, elderly people in nursing homes reported lower self-esteem, higher depression, and higher anxiety. The level of self-esteem decreased with increased levels of depression. Anxiety was significantly associated with depression, while depression strongly increased with an increase in anxiety. Older age was associated with depression, while widowhood was a negative predictor of self-esteem. Institutionalization was borderline significantly associated with anxiety, while gender was associated with anxiety. Conclusions: The study found associations between self-esteem, anxiety, and depression in the elderly. The strategy of humanization in nursing care for older people should be applied equally in nursing homes and in community-dwelling states. Public health programs aimed at maintaining the mental health of older people are needed.
Abstract:Introduction:: Upon arrival into a health institution, a deaf person is exposed to a higher stress level. They are at risk of receiving inadequate health care and health-related information due to limitations in communication between the deaf person and the health care workers. Despite the awareness of the presence of communication difficulties, research about the ways of communication between nurses and deaf people hasn't been sufficiently presented. This article focuses on the ways in which nurses and deaf people communicate, the difficulties in communication arising from that; emotional reactions and nurses' interest in the manual alphabet and sign language, and the perception about the need for an interpreter of sign language in a health institution. Objectives: The primary objective of this cross-sectional study is to examine the difficulties in communication upon a deaf person's arrival into a health institution. Methods: The original paper-and-pencil questionnaire for nurses includes questions about the communication problems upon the arrival of deaf people into health institutions. Differences between study variables were assessed for significance using the Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test. The associations between variables were explored using Spearman rank correlation coefficients. Results: The results show that 65% of the nurses think that the communication problem is strongly pronounced as the problem is the inability of deaf people to respond when called (65%) and difficulties in understanding (40%). The interest of nurses for problems of deaf people affects the manifestation of difficulties and the understanding of messages. The most frequent way of communication is showing (95.1%) and writing (62.5%). There is no significant difference in relation to age (p=0.103), sex (p=0.473), level of education (p=0.901) and the length of service (p=0.062). Conclusion: The obtained results show how pronounced the communication difficulties between nurses and deaf people are. An interpreter in a health institution is necessary for effective communication. There is a high priority need for quality education of nurses about the ways of communicating with deaf people.UDC Classification: 616-01; DOI: http://dx
Teškoće u komunikaciji imaju znatan utjecaj na kvalitetu života svakog čovjeka. Autizam kao kompleksni razvojni poremećaj karakteriziran je nemogućnošću uspostave normalne socijalne interakcije, teškoćama u komunikaciji te stereotipnim obrascima ponašanja [1]. Nadalje, autizam znatno djeluje na obiteljsku strukturu, posebice zato što do postavljanja dijagnoze često prođe i nekoliko godina. Iako roditelji katkad i od djetetova rođenja zapažaju teškoće u djeteta i uočavaju ponašanje tipično za autizam, suočavanje s dijagnozom za njih predstavlja izniman stres. Pri verifikaciji dijagnoze roditelji nemaju zadovoljavajući stupanj emocionalne podrške u svojoj okolini, a to otežava prihvaćanje dijagnoze i objektivnog stanja djeteta te uzrokuje znatan stupanj zabrinutosti za djetetovu budućnost [2].Nerijetko članovi obitelji sve podređuju brizi za dijete ili osobi s autizmom. Takav pristup uzrokuje nastanak "auti- Sažetak:Autizam je biološki razvojni poremećaj mozga. Simptomi autizma najčešće se javljaju u prve tri godine i ostaju prisutni do kraja života. Danas se autistični poremećaji smatraju pervazivnim razvojnim poremećajima, za što je karakteristično i pervazivno oštećenje većeg broja razvojnih područja, primjerice, socijalne interakcije i komunikacije ili javljanje stereotipnih oblika ponašanja, interesa ili aktivnosti. Takav obrazac ponašanja utječe na mogućnost zadovoljenja osnovnih ljudskih potreba, te posljedično i na kvalitetu života. U povećanju razine kvalitete života osoba s autizmom i njihovih obitelji uloga medicinske sestre iznimno je važna. Kako autizam ostaje prisutan tijekom cijelog života, sestrinska skrb uključuje djelovanje na svim razinama zdravstvene zaštite kroz sve razvojne dobi života osoba s autizmom. Poseban naglasak stavlja se na poboljšanje uvjeta života i percepciju osobe o vlastitoj životnoj stvarnosti. Uloga medicinske sestre u povećanju kvalitete života obitelji i osoba s autizmom temelji se na zadovoljavanju osnovnih ljudskih potreba. Ključne riječi: autizam • medicinska sestra • zdravstvena njega • kvaliteta života Kratki naslov: Medicinske sestre i autizam Abstract:Autism is a biological disorder of brain development. The symptoms of autism appear mostly in the first three years and they stay present for the rest of the life. Nowadays, autistic disorders are seen as pervasive developmental disorders, for which a pervasive defect of numerous developmental areas, for example social interaction and communication or the appearance of stereotypic behaviour, interests or activities, is considered characteristic. Such a behaviour pattern influences the possibility to satisfy the basic human needs, and therefore the quality of life. In order to increase the quality of life of people with autism and their families, the role of the nurse is extremely important. As autism stays present during the whole life, the nursing care includes activities on all levels of health protection during all developmental stages of autistic people. Special emphasis is put on the improvement of the life conditio...
Pojava tjelesnog invaliditeta kod osobe uzrokuje snažan emocionalni odgovor. Taj složeni obrazac individualnih reakcija determiniran je različitim čimbenicima i emocionalnim potrebama. Promjene u psihičkom i emocionalnom životu osobe, percepcija o vlastitom invaliditetu, ograničenja koja proizlaze iz tjelesnog invaliditeta i negativni stavovi okoline samo su neki od čimbenika psihološke dimenzije invaliditeta. U suočavanju s novonastalim tjelesnim invaliditetom osoba se koristi strategijama suočavanja u cilju ponovnog uspostavljanja narušene ravnoteže. Ukoliko izostane podrška okoline, utoliko će proces suočavanja i/ili prilagodbe biti otežan ili onemogućen. Strategija suočavanja s novonastalim tjelesnim invaliditetom neće se adekvatno odvijati i razviti, što se može negativno odraziti na fizičko, psihičko, socijalno i duhovno funkcioniranje osobe. Psihološka dimenzija tjelesnog invaliditeta može biti presudna u procesu suočavanja s nastalim tjelesnim invaliditetom, postizanju samostalnosti, razvijanju otpornosti prema vanjskim pritiscima i samoostvarenju osobe. Medicinske sestre aktivno sudjeluju u procesu suočavanja i prilagođavanja osobe s tjelesnim invaliditetom na novonastalo stanje.
SažetakAutizam je biološki razvojni poremećaj mozga. Simptomi autizma najčešće se javljaju u prve tri godine i ostaju prisutni do kraja života. Danas se autistični poremećaji smatraju pervazivnim razvojnim poremećajima, za što je karakteristič-no i pervazivno oštećenje većeg broja razvojnih područja, primjerice, socijalne interakcije i komunikacije ili javljanje stereotipnih oblika ponašanja, interesa ili aktivnosti. Takav obrazac ponašanja utječe na mogućnost zadovoljenja osnovnih ljudskih potreba, te posljedično i na kvalitetu života. U povećanju razine kvalitete života osoba s autizmom i njihovih obitelji uloga medicinske sestre iznimno je važna. Kako autizam ostaje prisutan tijekom cijelog života, sestrinska skrb uključuje djelovanje na svim razinama zdravstvene zaštite kroza sve razvojne dobi života osoba s autizmom. Poseban naglasak stavlja se na poboljšanje uvjeta života i percepciju osobe o vlastitoj životnoj stvarnosti. Uloga medicinske sestre u povećanju kvalitete života obitelji i osoba s autizmom temelji se na zadovoljavanju osnovnih ljudskih potreba. AbstractAutism is a biological disorder of a brain development. The symptoms of autism appear mostly in the first three years and they stay present for the rest of the life. Nowadays, autistic disorders are seen as pervasive developmental disorders, for which a pervasive defect of numerous developmental areas, for example social interaction and communication, or the appearance of stereotypic behavior, interests or activities, is considered characteristic. Such a behavior pattern influences the possibility to satisfy the basic human needs, and therefore the quality of life. In order to increase the quality of life for people with autism and their families, the role of the nurse is extremely important. As autism stays present during the whole life, the nursing care includes activities on all levels of health protection during all developmental stages of autistic people. Special emphasis is put on the improvement of the life conditions and the person's perception of its own reality of life. The role of nurses in the increase of the quality of life for people with autism and their families is based on the satisfaction of basic human needs. Key words: autism • nurse • nursing care • quality of life Running head: Nurses and autism Uvod / IntroductionKomunikacijske teškoće imaju znatan utjecaj na kvalitetu života svakog čovjeka. Autizam je kao kompleksni razvojni poremećaj karakteriziran nemogućnošću uspostave normalne socijalne interakcije, teškoćama u komunikaciji te stereotipnim obrascima ponašanja [1]. Nadalje, autizam znatno djeluje na obiteljsku strukturu, posebice zato što do postavljanja dijagnoze često prođe i nekoliko godina. Iako roditelji katkad i od djetetova rođenja zapažaju teš-koće i uočavaju ponašanje tipično za autizam, suočavanje s dijagnozom za njih predstavlja velik stres. Pri verifikaciji dijagnoze roditelji nemaju zadovoljavajući stupanj emocionalne podrške u svojoj okolini, a to otežava prihvaćanje dijagnoze i objektivnog stanja djetet...
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