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Three different bioactive materials suitable as dentine substitutes in tooth repair have been studied: glass-ionomer cement, particulate bioglass, and calcium-silicate cement. On 15 permanent human molars, Class V cavities were prepared and the bottom of each cavity was de-mineralized by an artificial caries gel. After the de-mineralization, the teeth were restored with: (1) Bioglass®45S5 and ChemFil® Superior; (2) Biodentine™ and ChemFil® Superior; and (3) ChemFil® Superior for a complete repair. The teeth were stored for 6 weeks in artificial saliva, then cut in half along the longitudinal axis: the first half was imaged in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the other half was embedded in resin and analyzed by SEM using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. The glass-ionomer and the bioglass underwent ion exchange with the surrounding tooth tissue, confirming their bioactivity. However, the particle size of the bioglass meant that cavity adaptation was poor. It is concluded that smaller particle size bioglasses may give more acceptable results. In contrast, both the glass-ionomer and the calcium-silicate cements performed well as dentine substitutes. The glass-ionomer showed ion exchange properties, whereas the calcium silicate gave an excellent seal resulting from its micromechanical attachment.

OBJECTIVES: During the treatment of chronic apical periodontitis and pulp necrosis the main role is to irrigate the root canal. AIM:The aim of this in vivo study was to irrigate with 0.9% NaCl (Natrium Chloride), 2.5 % NaOCl (Sodium Hypochlorite Solution, Sigma Aldrich -Germany) and 2% CHX (Chlorhexidine Digluconate Solution, Sigma Aldrich -Spain) combined with Gaseous Ozone (Prozone WH, Austria). MATERIAL AND METHODS:This study was realised in the University Dentistry Clinical Centre of Kosovo (UDCCK), respectively in the Department of Endodontic and Dental Pathology, Dental Branch, Faculty of Medicine, Prishtina, Kosovo. The 40 subjects involved in this study belonged to both genders, in age between 15 -65 years. The sample selection was randomised. The retroalveolar radiography for each patient was taken in the suspected tooth. As a therapeutic plan the authors decided to disinfect the root canal with the irrigants, as follows: 2.5 % NaOCl, 2 % CHX and gaseous ozone. RESULTS:The statistical analyses were based on Kruskal -Vallis test, X -test, DF = 3, r < 0.01. In the isolated average number of the aerobe and anaerobe bacteria colonies, when gaseous ozone was used, there was the significant statistical difference. CONCLUSIONS:When gaseous ozone was combined with irrigants 0.9%, 2.5 % NaOCl and 2% CHX, it was concluded that the number of colonies of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria was reduced.

Introduction. So far, the most promising and most commonly used materials in endodontic treatment and retreatment were calcium silicate cements. However, due to the shortage of this material and treatment failures, a new bioactive material was introduced-Biodentine tm. It is a calcium silicate based technology, with excellent handling characteristics and biocompatibility. It can be used in various indications, including dentine substitution and endodontic therapy. Case reports. The clinical cases demonstrated excellent healing potential after the treatment with Biodentine tm. Conclusion. The bio-silicate technology is highly promising, mostly due to its chemical properties and easy clinical manipulation. The short setting time and high mechanical strength makes Biodentine tm a material easy to handle, highly biocompatible, with a wide range of indications.

The maxillary second molar contains three roots and three canals. Variations of the maxillary second molar are reported in numerous studies in vitro and in vivo. Dentists are required to have adequate knowledge related to root canal morphology and their possible variations. The aim of this study was to present a case report about a diagnosis and treatment in maxillary second molar with single root and single canal. It is concluded that the diagnosing of these unusual cases is of high importance for successful endodontic treatment of these teeth.

AIM: The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal problems in 3rd, 4th, and final year of study in Ss. Cyril and Methodius University Dental School. METHODS: All 3rd, 4th, and final year regular dental students were invited to take part in the study, which involved completing the extended Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. This questionnaire facilitates an assessment of troubles (ache, pain, or discomfort) with neck, shoulders, upper back, elbows, wrists/hands, low back, hips/thighs, knees, and ankles/feet. RESULTS: Out of a maximum possible number of 146 students, 116 agreed to participate and completed the questionnaire (33 males and 83 females). The response rate was 79.5%. The mean age of students was 22.6 years (SD = 1.52), ranging from 20 to 26 years. During the past 12 months, students have problems mostly with neck 48 (41.4%), upper back 43 (37.1%), and low back 43 (37.1%). Working hours/week was 12 h for 3rd year, 20 h for 4th, and 30 h for 5th-year students. There is a significant difference between the students from third study year with these from 4th and 6th study year regarding the neck (χ2 (2)= 6.46, p < 0.05), upper back (χ2 (2) = 7.38, p < 0.05), and low back (χ2 (2)= 13.79, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study reported high prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms among the dental students. Preventive measures and more ergonomic recommendations are indicated.

Introduction/Objective The aim of this study was to determine clinical and radiographic periapical healing of teeth with apical periodontitis treated with different formulations of calcium hydroxide (CH)-paste (CH-paste) and gutta-percha points (CH-GP)-as well as those of chlorhexidine (CHX)-gel (CHXgel) and gutta-percha points (CHX-GP)-12 months after therapy. Methods Eighty patients with chronic apical periodontitis were randomly allocated to four treatment groups according to the intracanal medicament used: CH-paste, CH-GP, CHX-gel, and CHX-GP group. Seventy-eight patients were analyzed clinically and radiographically 12 months postoperatively. The periapical index (PAI) was used for the radiographic evaluation of treatment. Results Overall outcome was classified according to radiographic evaluation only, since clinical success was observed in all the patients. In all the groups, significant reduction in PAI scores was observed (p < 0.001). The proportions of healed teeth (PAI ≤ 2) were 73.7%, 60%, 68.4%, and 65% in CH-paste, CH-GP, CHX-gel and CHX-GP group, respectively, with no significant differences between the groups. Conclusion The results suggest that there are no differences between investigated CH-and CHX-delivery systems regarding treatment outcome of teeth with apical periodontitis.

Summary Esthetic and minimally invasive restorative techniques are current topics in dentistry. Introduction of modern composite materials and adhesive technology provided numerous options for design of esthetic restorations without invasive teeth preparation common for traditional prostodontic restorations. Modern esthetic dentistry can provide solutions for simple as well as complex cases by implementation of various alternatives.