Aims:To assess the role of diabetic education in increasing awareness about hypoglycemia and decreasing hypoglycemic symptoms in diabetics.Materials and Methods:This is a longitudinal study involving the use of a structured questionnaire for obtaining baseline information related to knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of diabetic patients regarding hypoglycemia. Then the patients were given diabetic education by the treating doctor regarding hypoglycemia, its symptoms and prevention; the effect of which was assessed by repeating the same questionnaire after a month. The occurrence of hypoglycemic symptoms was also compared before and after diabetic education.Results:There is a significant improvement in all parameters like KAP with diabetic education. The hypoglycemic episodes also decrease significantly.Conclusions:Proper diabetic education is seen to improve the knowledge and attitude of the diabetic patients toward hypoglycemia. This leads to improved practices of such patients and decrease hypoglycemic episodes in them.
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) affects the corneal endothelium by altering the function of Sodium Potassium ATPase activity, thus causing functional changes in diabetic corneas. Associated structural changes if any are important to be recognized timely since it has multiple clinical implications. A few studies have studied corneal morphological changes, including endothelial morphology and corneal thickness in diabetic subjects but it is still a topic of research and there are not many Indian studies in literature. Aim: 1) To analyze central corneal thickness (CCT) in subjects with diabetes mellitus and to compare this with age and sex matched healthy controls. 2) To correlate the association between CCT and duration and severity of diabetes. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the diabetic patients of the age group of 18-76 years presenting to the Medicine department of the hospital. Eighty six subjects with Type-II DM and eighty six age matched controls were included in the study and were undertaken for CCT measurement by Ultrasonic pachymeter. Results: CCT significantly increased in diabetes (559.48±31.29) as compared to controls (534.61±34.55). Positive correlation was found between CCT and disease duration ≥ 10 years, HbA1c≥7 gm% and presence of diabetic retinopathy. Conclusion: CCT could assist in early identification of diabetics with higher risk for systemic and ocular complications, thus enabling better control of disease.
Attention is the most powerful asset of human beings, and if correctly used, it can have numerous benefits. At the same time it is very difficult to master. A descriptive survey was conducted to assess the impact of teaching time that is classes for two hour, on attention and concentration of student nurses. The study was conducted in selected College of Nursing, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, INDIA. Ninety one student nurses were selected by simple randomization. Data was collected through self-reported checklist. Majority, 95% of the students, were between the age group of 18-22 years. Forty five percent students were from GNM group and 55% students were from B.Sc. group. Result shows that 44% students had good attention and concentration, 46% students had an average attention and concentration and 10% of students had poor attention and concentration score during the teaching-learning activities.
Monotherapy with vitamin D analogues has been shown to be effective in the treatment of psoriasis. Vitamin D analogues have also been used in combination with other topical therapies, systemic therapies and phototherapy. In many instances, the efficacy of these other treatments can be maximized and adverse effects minimized when combined with vitamin D analogues. The combination of a topical corticosteroid with a vitamin D analogue can work synergistically to improve efficacy and reduce the side-effects from both treatments. However, caution must be used when mixing the two agents, as some topical corticosteroids will result in the degradation of the vitamin D analogue. Benefit from phototherapy is also increased when using vitamin D analogues, so that greater improvement occurs with fewer treatments. Effects on minimal erythema dose must be considered and the potential for ultraviolet blocking by vitamin D analogues may affect treatment. Some vitamin D analogues may also be susceptible to degradation by certain wavelengths of ultraviolet light. Combining vitamin D analogues with systemic agents exerts a dose-sparing effect, thus reducing the possibility of side-effects, but such combinations require further study. As long as treatments are used correctly, the benefits of combination therapy with vitamin D analogues usually outweigh the few drawbacks.
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