Abiotic stress is one of the major factors in reducing plant growth, development, and yield production by interfering with various physiological, biochemical, and molecular functions. In particular, abiotic stress such as salt, low temperature, heat, drought, UV-radiation, elevated CO2, ozone, and heavy metals stress is the most frequent study in Sukaczev. is one of the most valuable tree species in East Asia facing abiotic stress during its life cycle. Using transgenic plants is a powerful tool to increase the abiotic stress tolerance. Generally, abiotic stress reduces leaves water content, plant height, fresh and dry weight, and enhances shed leaves as well. In the physiological aspect, salt, heavy metal, and osmotic stress disturbs seed germination, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, and photosynthesis. In the biochemical aspect, salt, drought, cold, heat, osmotic, UV-B radiation, and heavy metal stress increases the ROS production of cells, resulting in the enhancement of enzymatic antioxidant (SOD and POD) and non-enzymatic antioxidant (proline and AsA) to reduce the ROS accumulation. Meanwhile, upregulates various genes, as well as proteins to participate in abiotic stress tolerance. Based on recent studies, several transcription factors contribute to increasing abiotic stress tolerance in , including , and . These transcription factors bind to different cis-acting elements to upregulate abiotic stress-related genes, resulting in the enhancement of salt, drought, cold, heat, osmotic, UV-B radiation, and heavy metal tolerance. These genes along with phytohormones mitigate the abiotic stress. This review also highlights the candidate genes from another Betulacea family member that might be contributing to increasing abiotic stress tolerance.Betula platyphyllaBetula platyphyllaB. platyphyllaB. platyphyllaB. platyphyllaB. platyphyllaBplMYB46, BpMYB102, BpERF13, BpERF2, BpHOX2, BpHMG6, BpHSP9, BpUVR8, BpBZR1, BplERD15BpNACsB. platyphylla
The potential of high-quality wood for various purposes over the past decade is very difficult to obtain. This is due to the high rate of doforestation and forest degradation, especially in Riau Province. Examples of the use of high-quality wood, especially in Riau Province, is as material for creating 'pathways' in the context of preserving track culture in the Kuantan Singingi Regency. The purpose of this study is to determine the physical properties of red balam wood and bintangur that grow in Riau before and after the preservation process, and determine the strength class of red balam wood and bintangur that grows in Riau. The research was carried out on the starur trees and red balam with a diameter of 34-38 cm, tree height 18-22 m. The tree sample comes from the Rumbio customary forest and the Minas Tahura KPHP Riau Province. Examination of physical properties using British standards in 1957. The results showed that based on specific gravity, the red balam wood and bintangur before preserved and included as strong class II. The average moisture content of each wood is 14-30%. The largest wood shrinkage development in each wood occurs at the base of the wood.
The potential for wood raw materials in Indonesia is very abundant, but the increasing need for processed wood as a building material makes it difficult to obtain sawn timber in large sizes and with quality, due to the increasingly limiting logging in natural forests. High quality wood is hard to find in the market, so it is necessary to combine low quality and high quality wood by engineering the product with an adhesive, one of which is glued laminated timber. This study aims to see the characteristics of the glued laminated timber of Acacia mangium and Shorea leprosula based on the arrangement of lamina and the weight of adhesive Styrofoam. The blocks used in this study were 120 cm x 5 cm x 3 cm in size with the adhesive composition used was 60% Styrofoam and 40% gasoline with an glue spread of 200, 220 and 240 gr / m2. Observations made to produce data that is, the moisture content obtained layer ranged from 4.14 to 8.86%, a density of 0.38 to 0.51 g / cm3, MOE and MOR ranged from 24.78 to 86.71 kg / cm2.
The existing preservation methods are difficult to be applied to a large dimension log which is needed for making traditional wooden ship 'Jalur' in Riau Province. Novel techniques to provide the use of readily available species to replace traditional species alternative were investigated. These included infusion and a combination of injection and bandage-wrapping methods for preserving living trees of Balam (Macaranga conifera (Rchb.f. & Zoll.) Müll.Arg.) and Bintangor (Calophyllum soulattri Burm.f.). Water-based boron compounds were applied as wood preservatives. In total, 18 discs from the bottom, middle, and top of four trees and two controls were used. Trees undergoing treatment were also used to see how wood anatomical structure might affect the boron penetration. The overall aim was to identify the best method for use in Jalur manufacturing. The results showed that in infused Balam tree where the hose position for the preservative intake was deep (10-15 cm from the bark), no boron compound was observed in the outer sapwood. Combination of injection and bandage-wrapping method gave higher percentage of boron penetration at bottom and middle of Balam tree. However, infused Bintangor showed 100% boron penetration. The larger vessel diameter, the absence of tyloses, and the simple perforation plates in Bintangor wood were likely to have contributed to the higher penetration of boron. The combination of bandage-wrapping and infusion, or alternatively by infusing the living trees close to the bark, and at as low as position in the stem gives better protection when treatments are applied to living trees.
Saat ini keberadaan kayu jenis meranti merah, kulim dan mersawa sebagai bahan baku pembuat jalur di Kabupaten Kuansing Provinsi Riau semakin langka, sedangkan kebutuhan kayu sebagai bahan pembuat jalur semakin tinggi. Oleh sebab itu diperlukan pemilihan jenis kayu alternatif yang memiliki persamaan sifat kuat dan awet dengan kayu jenis meranti merah, kulim, dan mersawa agar dapat memenuhi spesifikasi pembuatan jalur. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari efektivitas pengawetan kayu balam dengan teknik infus dan bandage terhadap rayap kayu kering. Balam (Macaranga conifera Muell. Agr.) dipilih sebagai kayu alternatif untuk membuat jalur karena saat ini masih banyak ditemukan namun belum banyak dipakai untuk pembuatan jalur. Hasil pengamatan di lapangan menunjukkan bahwa jalur yang disimpan di darat mendapatkan serangan rayap kayu kering, sehingga diperlukan pengawetan jalur agar tidak terserang organisme perusak kayu (OPK) khususnya rayap kayu kering. Pengawetan pohon berdiri dengan senyawa boron komplek dengan teknik infus dan bandage dipilih untuk meningkatkan kelas keawetan kayu balam. Pengujian ketahanan kayu terhadap serangan rayap kayu kering dilakukan sesuai metode SNI 7207-2014. Data diolah dengan menggunakan rancangan faktorial acak lengkap. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa pengawetan dengan teknik infus dan bandage berbeda nyata terhadap pengurangan berat dan mortalitas rayap. Pengamatan derajat serangan secara visual pada kontrol dan teknik infus yaitu 40 (tahan) yang nilainya lebih rendah dibandingkan teknik bandage 70 (sedang). Mortalitas pada teknik infus lebih tertinggi yaitu 90,67% dibandingkan kontrol 86,08% dan bandage 61,75%. Teknik pengawetan dengan teknik infus menunjukkan kandungan boron yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan teknik bandage.
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