This paper describes a laboratory-scale study of phosphorus (P) uptake by broad-leaf cattail plants (Typha latifolia) growing in gravel substrate. The cattails were fed synthetic wastewater at P concentrations representative of primary and secondary municipal sewage effluent. Phosphorus uptake to the upper and lower portions of the cattail plants, adsorption to the gravel substrate, and the pore water concentration were measured over a simulated growing season. The objective was to quantify the mass of phosphorus accumulated in each compartment as the growing season progressed. The experimental results show that the partitioning of P between the upper and lower portions of the plants varied throughout the simulated growing season. At the end of the season uptake by cattails had removed about 40% and 45% of the P mass input under the primary and secondary effluent conditions, respectively. Adsorption of P to the gravel substrate and other fine sediments removed about 43% and 56% of the P mass input under the primary and secondary effluent conditions, respectively. The results provide insight into the potential timing and effectiveness of cattail harvesting for removal of P from constructed treatment wetland systems. Key words: constructed treatment wetland, cattail (Typha latifolia), laboratory-scale study, phosphorus removal, phosphorus uptake, phosphorus adsorption, phosphorus mass balance.
The scarcity of water resources has posed serious threats to the sustainable development of agriculture. China is a largely agricultural country with a large population, and agricultural water consumption accounts for more than 50% of the total water consumption. The application of water-saving irrigation is the main way to realize the sustainable development of water resources and economics. To comprehensively improve crop water-use efficiency and reduce agricultural water consumption, the Chinese central government had promulgated a series of agricultural water-saving policies since 2012, such as strengthening water management, increasing financial investment, and strengthening project construction and operation management and protection. Taking Jiangsu as an example, this paper reviews the main water-saving policies and measures of governments after 2012, as well as the conflicting interest between different water-saving participants. Results showed that, through water-saving policies and measures, its effective utilization coefficient of agricultural irrigation water (EUCAIW) has increased from 0.59 in 2,014 to 0.614 in 2019. By 2019, the area of irrigated arable land controlled by water-saving technologies is 2.848 million hectares, accounting for 67.8% of the irrigated arable land area in Jiangsu. Jiangsu's water-saving policies have been implemented well, and it has guidance on water-saving reform work in other places.
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