Introduction: Newer Candida species are now becoming increasingly predominant commensal in the oral cavity.Aim: Aim of the study was to identify and compare different Candida species in the oral cavity of Type II diabetic individuals. Materials and Methods:The present microbial study was carried out for the duration of three months. Sixty participants were included in the study and divided into two groups of 30 individual each. Group I consisted of patients with Type II diabetes while Group II consisted of healthy individuals without diabetes or any other systemic disease. A total of 3 ml of unstimulated whole saliva was collected from them and centrifuged at 5000 rpm for fives minutes. This pellet was plated onto CHROM agar medium plates and incubated at 37°C for at least 3-4 days. CHROM agar plates were visualized daily at 24 hours, 72 hours and followed up to seven days to check for growth. Candida speciation was done by counting the different coloured creamy colonies. Comparison of Candida spp. between two groups was done by applying the Student's t-test. A p-value<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Background: Dental caries is a chronic, widespread, and infectious disease affecting the large population. Anticariogenic effects of different herbs and natural products are observed, cinnamon among these, showed the ability to inhibit Streptococcus mutans biofilm. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the cinnamon water extract use on nicotine exposed S. mutans biolfilms. Materials and Methods: Microtiter plates having S. mutans culture were treated using varying nicotine concentration range (0–32 mg/ml). These were then either subjected to cinnamon water (2.5 mg/ml) extract or no treatment and analyzed using a spectrophotometer to see planktonic growth, total growth absorbance, and biofilm formation. Results: About 2.5 mg/ml of cinnamon water inhibits the S. mutans biofilm (nicotine-induced) considerably at various nicotine levels (0–32 mg/ml). Conclusion: Cinnamon water extract has a powerful inhibitory effect for S. mutans growth. Nicotine-induced S. mutans growth is markedly reduced by treating with cinnamon water extract.
Background: The association between cardiovascular diseases and periodontitis had different pathophysiological mechanisms involved. These mechanisms are both inflammatory and microbial. Furthermore, the possible association between two diseases can be explained by common risk factors. Aims: The present trial was carried out to establish a relation between coronary artery disease and periodontitis. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty-six participants advised for the angiography were included. Periodontists determined the presence of periodontitis in all participants followed by lipid profile, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and blood coronary angiography was then performed. The collected data were subjected to the statistical analysis, and the results were formulated. Results: The level of CRP in participants with and without coronary artery disease was 0.66 ± 1.52 and 0.53 ± 1.01, respectively, which was nonsignificant with a P = 0.63. Nonstatistically significant difference was seen in values of cholesterol and blood glucose in participants with and without coronary artery disease ( P = 0.28 and P = 0.53). The mean tooth loss in participants with coronary artery disease was 14.2 ± 6.4 and in participants with no coronary artery disease was 11.8 ± 6.5, and such difference was statistically significant ( P = 0.05). Conclusion: The present study establishes an association between poor oral health, periodontitis, and coronary artery disease. This study demonstrates that tooth loss which is an important feature of periodontitis is significantly associated with coronary artery disease.
The present study was aimed to synthesize, characterize, and evaluate the angiopep-2 grafted PAMAM dendrimers (Den, G 3.0 NH2) with and without PEGylation for the targeted and better delivery approach of temozolomide (TMZ) for the management of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Den-ANG and Den-PEG2-ANG conjugates were synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The PEGylated (TMZ@Den-PEG2-ANG) and non-PEGylated (TMZ@Den-ANG) drug loaded formulations were prepared and characterized for particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and drug loading. An in vitro release study at physiological (pH 7.4) and acidic pH (pH 5.0) was performed. Preliminary toxicity studies were performed through hemolytic assay in human RBCs. MTT assay, cell uptake, and cell cycle analysis were performed to evaluate the in vitro efficacy against GBM cell lines (U87MG). Finally, the formulations were evaluated in vivo in a Sprague–Dawley rat model for pharmacokinetics and organ distribution analysis. The 1H NMR spectra confirmed the conjugation of angiopep-2 to both PAMAM and PEGylated PAMAM dendrimers, as the characteristic chemical shifts were observed in the range of 2.1 to 3.9 ppm. AFM results revealed that the surface of Den-ANG and Den-PEG2-ANG conjugates were rough. The particle size and zeta potential of TMZ@Den-ANG were observed to be 229.0 ± 17.8 nm and 9.06 ± 0.4 mV, respectively, whereas the same for TMZ@Den-PEG2-ANG were found to be 249.6 ± 12.9 nm and 10.9 ± 0.6 mV, respectively. The entrapment efficiency of TMZ@Den-ANG and TMZ@Den-PEG2-ANG were calculated to be 63.27 ± 5.1% and 71.48 ± 4.3%, respectively. Moreover, TMZ@Den-PEG2-ANG showed a better drug release profile with a controlled and sustained pattern at PBS pH 5.0 than at pH 7.4. The ex vivo hemolytic study revealed that TMZ@Den-PEG2-ANG was biocompatible in nature as it showed 2.78 ± 0.1% hemolysis compared to 4.12 ± 0.2% hemolysis displayed by TMZ@Den-ANG. The outcomes of the MTT assay inferred that TMZ@Den-PEG2-ANG possessed maximum cytotoxic effects against U87MG cells with IC50 values of 106.62 ± 11.43 μM (24 h) and 85.90 ± 9.12 μM (48 h). In the case of TMZ@Den-PEG2-ANG, the IC50 values were reduced by 2.23-fold (24 h) and 1.36-fold (48 h) in comparison to pure TMZ. The cytotoxicity findings were further confirmed by significantly higher cellular uptake of TMZ@Den-PEG2-ANG. Cell cycle analysis of the formulations suggested that the PEGylated formulation halts the cell cycle at G2/M phase with S-phase inhibition. In the in vivo studies, the half-life (t 1/2) values of TMZ@Den-ANG and TMZ@Den-PEG2-ANG were enhanced by 2.22 and 2.76 times, respectively, than the pure TMZ. After 4 h of administration, the brain uptake values of TMZ@Den-ANG and TMZ@Den-PEG2-ANG were found to be 2.55 and 3.35 times, respectively, higher than that of pure TMZ. The outcomes of various in vitro and ex vivo experiments promoted the use of PEGylated nanocarriers for the management of GBM. Angiopep-2 grafted PEGylated PAMAM dendrimers can be potential and promising drug carri...
Background: Increased C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are associated with various diseases such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), periodontal diseases, and other inflammatory diseases and can be an effective biomarker for predicting future risks of periodontal diseases. Aims: The present trial was carried out to evaluate if CRP levels are lower in healthy and young individuals as compared to individuals with high body mass index (BMI), gingival index, and CVDs by assessing CRP levels in young and old individuals (more than 45 years). Materials and Methods: A total of 174 participants were recruited for the study and were divided into three following groups: Less than 45 years healthy participants (n = 124), more than 45 years healthy participants, and more 45-year-old participants with CVDs (n = 25). The collected data were subjected to the statistical analysis. Results: In Group I, females had a CRP level of 8476 ± 6.86 pg, females of Group II had a CRP value of 13,262 ± 3.76, and in females of Group III CRP value was 22,761 ± 6.24 pg. These values, respectively, for males were 8494 ± 7.68, 13,840 ± 4.82, and 13,839 ± 3.8. In smokers, the CRP values for Group I, II, and III were 29,012 ± 14.66, 12,568 ± 4.16, and 16,826 ± 3.42, respectively. Conclusion: CRP levels were higher in males as compared to females. Higher BMI was associated with higher values of CRP. The participants with higher BMI presented higher CRP values irrespective of age.
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