SSE and MMS are associated with the lowest recurrence rates for LM. Cryotherapy and radiation therapy may be considered the options for treatment of LM in patients who cannot tolerate surgery. Imiquimod, although not currently approved by the FDA, has shown some efficacy in limited experimental studies and may play a future role in the treatment of LM.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is used for the prevention and treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer. Until recently, clinically approved indications have been restricted to actinic keratoses, nodular and superficial basal cell carcinoma, and, since 2006, Bowen disease. However, the range of indications has been expanding continuously. PDT is also used for the treatment of non-malignant conditions such as acne vulgaris and leishmaniasis, as well as for treating premature skin aging due to sun exposure. The production of reactive oxygen intermediates like singlet oxygen depends on the light dose applied as well as the concentration and localization of the photosensitizer in the diseased tissue. Either cytotoxic effects resulting in tumor destruction or immunomodulatory effects improving inflammatory skin conditions are induced. Treating superficial non-melanoma skin cancer, PDT has been shown to be highly efficient, despite the low level of invasiveness. The excellent cosmetic results after treatment are beneficial, too.

Tattoos have existed and have been used as an expression of art by man for ages-and so have the techniques to remove them. Lasers based on the principle of selective photothermolysis are now being used to remove black as well as colorful tattoos with varying successes. The commonly used lasers for tattoo removal are the Q-switched 694-nm ruby laser, the Q-switched 755-nm alexandrite laser, the 1,064-nm Nd:YAG laser, and the 532-nm Nd:YAG laser. Newer techniques and methods are evolving in tattoo removal with lasers. Choosing the right laser for the right tattoo color is necessary for a successful outcome. Our review aims to understand the principles of laser tattoo removal and their applications for different types and colors of tattoos. The review also highlights the complications that can occur such as dyspigmentation, allergic reactions, epidermal debris, ink darkening, and so on, in this process and how to prevent them.

The authors have indicated no significant interest with commercial supporters.T here is growing interest in a wide range of nonablative interventions that, predictably, are claimed to rejuvenate skin and subcutaneous tissue ''safely and effectively.'' Although for many years surgery in its many forms has been the criterion standard treatment in aesthetic aspect of aging, nonsurgical methods have always been an attractive choice because of their low invasiveness and shorter recovery time. Nevertheless, most nonsurgical modalities have centered around those that destroy the epidermis and cause a dermal wound, with resultant dermal collagen remodeling and secondary skin tightening and rhytid improvement. Radiofrequency (RF) tissue tightening was developed to create thermal effects in the dermis without external cutaneous wounding. The current review aims at summarizing the nonablative RF currently in use for skin rejuvenation. HistoryRedundant facial, neck, or body laxity is a major feature of aging and, until recently, surgery was the sole option for its correction. As newer methods developed, RF was introduced at the beginning of the 21st century as a nonlaser technology for cosmetic dermatology, although it has been in use for much longer as a therapeutic option in medicine and surgery. Tissue tightening was one of the first dermatologic uses of RF, where it was used as an alternative or complement to nonablative laser technologies. RF-based systems have been used successfully for nonablative skin rejuvenation, atrophic scar revision, treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids, 1 treatment of unwanted hair, rosacea, 2 vascular lesions, and inflammatory acne. 3,4 RF Technology How it Works: Biophysics of Thermal Collagen RemodelingThermal collagen contraction can be applied to the skin for use in aesthetic rejuvenation, restoring skin laxity and aging symptoms. Collagen fibers consist of triple helix strands of protein containing strong hydrogen bonds that deteriorate over the course of several years. The application of thermal energy over a period of time contracts, compresses, and thickens the collagen fibers. An ideal heat of 571C to 611C is adjusted for collagen shrinkage, with a time depending on type and area of skin applied. The dermal collagen fibers are detected at a depth of 1 to 2 mm for treatment of skin laxity. Nonablative Skin RemodelingPhotomodulation, a nonablative laser treatment, allows matrix metalloproteinase reduction to produce an increase in the cellular response of dermal collagen. There are two hypotheses to explain this treatment method: (1) water and collagen absorb the light energy, producing a thermal effect on the dermis, and (2) cellular mediators and growth factors

Bloom Syndrome (BS, MIM #210900) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the BLM gene, which codes for the DNA repair enzyme RecQL3 helicase. Without proper DNA repair mechanisms, abnormal DNA exchange takes place between sister chromatids and results in genetic instability that may lead to cancer, especially lymphoma and acute myelogenous leukemia, lower and upper gastrointestinal tract neoplasias, cutaneous tumors, and neoplasias in the genitalia and urinary tract. BS patients are usually of Ashkenazi Jewish descent and exhibit narrow facial features, elongated limbs, and several dermatologic complications including photosensitivity, poikiloderma, and telangiectatic erythema. The most concerning manifestation of BS is multiple malignancies, which require frequent screenings and strict vigilance by the physician. Therefore, distinguishing between BS and other dermatologic syndromes of similar presentation such as Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome, Erythropoietic Protoporphyria, and Cockayne Syndrome is paramount to disease management and to prolonging life. BS can be diagnosed through a variety of DNA sequencing methods, and genetic testing is available for high-risk populations. This review consolidates several sources on BS sequelae and aims to suggest the importance of differentiating BS from other dermatologic conditions. This paper also elucidates the recently discovered BRAFT and FANCM protein complexes that link BS and Fanconi anemia.

Isonitriles are delicately poised chemical entities capable of being coaxed to react as nucleophiles or electrophiles. Directing this tunable reactivity with metal and non-metal catalysts provides rapid access to a large array of complex nitrogenous structures ideally functionalized for medicinal applications. Isonitrile insertion into transition metal complexes has featured in numerous synthetic and mechanistic studies, leading to rapid deployment of isonitriles in numerous catalytic processes, including multicomponent reactions (MCR). Covering the literature from 1990–2014, the present review collates reaction types to highlight reactivity trends and allow catalyst comparison.

The interactions between cellular RNAs in MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer cells and a panel of small molecules appended with a diazirine cross-linking moiety and an alkyne tag were probed transcriptome-wide in live cells. The alkyne tag allows for facile pull-down of cellular RNAs bound by each small molecule, and the enrichment of each RNA target defines the compound’s molecular footprint. Among the 34 chemically diverse small molecules studied, six bound and enriched cellular RNAs. The most highly enriched interaction occurs between the novel RNA-binding compound F1 and a structured region in the 5′ untranslated region of quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase 1 isoform a (QSOX1-a), not present in isoform b. Additional studies show that F1 specifically bound RNA over DNA and protein; that is, we studied the entire DNA, RNA, and protein interactome. This interaction was used to design a ribonuclease targeting chimera (RIBOTAC) to locally recruit Ribonuclease L to degrade QSOX1 mRNA in an isoform-specific manner, as QSOX1-a, but not QSOX1-b, mRNA and protein levels were reduced. The RIBOTAC alleviated QSOX1-mediated phenotypes in cancer cells. This approach can be broadly applied to discover ligands that bind RNA in cells, which could be bioactive themselves or augmented with functionality such as targeted degradation.

The design, synthesis, and biological evaluations of eight 4-substituted 5-methyl-furo[2,3-d]pyrimidines are reported. Synthesis involved N4-alkylation of N-aryl-5-methylfuro[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amines, obtained from Ullmann coupling of 4-amino-5-methylfuro[2,3-d]pyrimidine and appropriate aryl iodides. Compounds 3, 4, and 9 showed potent microtubule depolymerizing activities, while compounds 6–8 had slightly lower potency. Compounds 4, 6, 7, and 9 inhibited tubulin assembly with IC50 values comparable to that of combretastatin A-4 (CA-4). Compounds 3, 4, and 6–9 circumvented Pgp and βIII-tubulin mediated drug resistance, mechanisms that can limit the efficacy of paclitaxel, docetaxel, and the vinca alkaloids. In the NCI 60-cell line panel, compound 3 exhibited GI50 values less than 10 nM in 47 of the cell lines. In an MDA-MB-435 xenograft model, compound 3 had statistically significant antitumor effects. The biological effects of 3 identify it as a novel, potent microtubule depolymerizing agent with antitumor activity.