Leishmaniases are a complex of diseases that range from the deadly visceral disease and some self-curing lesions to gross disfigurations. About 12 million peoples from 88 different countries get infected by this protozoan parasite through the sand flies. Visceral leishmaniasis is a potentially fatal disease endemic to large parts of Asia and Africa, primarily caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani. L. donovani is a species of Leishmania, a hemoflagellate parasite and causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis. Leishmanolysin is the major surface protein of the parasitic Leishmania. Leishmanolysin has been described as a parasite virulence factor and is involved in the direct interaction of promastigotes and host macrophage receptors and interaction with the complement cascade. In the current study we predicted the 3D structure of leishmanolysin using homology modeling as 3D structure prediction approach. Leishmanolysin is a stable extracellular stable protein of 561 amino acid residues. 3D structure of the leishmanolysin was determined using Protein Structure Prediction Server (PS 2 Server) selecting MODELLER as 3D structure prediction method.Quality analysis of the model through its Ramchandran Plot and ERRAT value (94.25) indicated that it is a reliable model. Functional annotation showed that this protein is a member of the superfamily cl18220. The information thus discussed provides insight to the molecular understanding of structure and function of leishmanolysin from L. donovani. The predicted 3-D model may be further used in characterizing the protein in wet laboratory.
Raillietina (Fuhrmannetaa) echinobothrida, (Magnin, 1881) cestode parasite of Gallus gallus domesticus is redescribed on the basis of type material from Aurangabad, Marathawada, Maharashtra, India. The present worms resemble with R. echinobothrida, (Magnin, 1881) in having all essential morphological characters. having scolex oval, rostellum elongated/rounded, presence of four suckers, short neck, mature proglottids are broader than long, testes rounded and excretory canal long tube. But the same differ due to number of testes. Hence it is redescribed. We carried out the phylogenetic analyses to observe molecular resemble of related proteins.
Sources and sequence information of Cestoda classWe have taken seven species of Cestoda class, in which targeted is nucleotide-binding domain of the sugar kinase/HSP70/actin protein data were used to observe molecular resemble of related protein by phylogenic analysis [8,9].
Naja are a toxic genus of Elapids family in the old world. Long neurotoxins are mixtures of peptides, enzymes that interfere with the normal function of the nervous system and potently block α7 homo-oligomeric neuronal AChRs causing paralysis. The aim of the present study is to identify the origin of long neurotoxin, multiple sequences analysis for prediction of structure and function of neurotoxin and observing the conserved pattern of amino acid residues and to construct the phylogenetic tree for organizing evolutionary history of Naja genus from Elapidae family.
Scorpion venom is an antigenic, water-soluble, heterogenous mixture. The Na + -channel specific toxins from scorpions are modifiers of the channel gating mechanism. The recombinant DNA vaccines involved targeting multiple antigenic components to direct and empower the immune system to protect the host from infection. Limitation of therapy to the treatment of patients suffering from various adverse reaction and contraindications are always experienced. Antigenic epitope on iberiotoxineastern Indian scorpion are important determinant of protection against spider venom. As our knowledge of the immune responses to a protein antigen progressed, it became clear that the whole protein is not necessary for raising the immune response, but small segments (DVDCSVSKECWSVCKDLFG; 4-22) of protein called the antigenic determinant or the epitope is sufficient for eliciting the desired immune response. In analysis predicted antigenic epitope iberiotoxin protein is seen. Antigenic epitope from iberiotoxin is a predicted immunization strategy against various diseases.
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