This study investigated effects of cessation of exercise and honey supplementation on bone properties in young female rats. Eighty-four 12-week-old Sprague-Dawley female rats were divided into 7 groups: 16S, 16J, 16H, 16JH, 8J8S, 8H8S, and 8JH8S (8 = 8 weeks, 16 = 16 weeks, S = sedentary without honey supplementation, H = honey supplementation, and J = jumping exercise). Jumping exercise consisted of 40 jumps/day for 5 days/week. Honey was given to the rats at a dosage of 1 g/kg body weight/rat/day via force feeding for 7 days/week. Jumping exercise and honey supplementation were terminated for 8 weeks in 8J8S, 8H8S, and 8JH8S groups. After 8 weeks of cessation of exercise and honey supplementation, tibial energy, proximal total bone density, midshaft cortical moment of inertia, and cortical area were significantly higher in 8JH8S as compared to 16S. Continuous sixteen weeks of combined jumping and honey resulted in significant greater tibial maximum force, energy, proximal total bone density, proximal trabecular bone density, midshaft cortical bone density, cortical area, and midshaft cortical moment of inertia in 16JH as compared to 16S. These findings showed that the beneficial effects of 8 weeks of combined exercise and honey supplementation still can be observed after 8 weeks of the cessation and exercise and supplementation.
Open Access Research Articleactivity is through modification in bone turnover which occurs through two fundamentally different processes, i.e. modeling and remodeling with the activities of osteoblast and osteoclast cells in the mechanisms of bone formation and bone resorption [3]. A number of biochemical assays have been described for measuring serum and urinary concentration of markers of bone metabolism [4] that allow a good estimation of bone metabolic processes and have been established as useful parameters in assessing changes in bone turnover. To date, the mechanisms by which combined exercise and dietary intake lead to changes in bone metabolism are not fully understood.Nutritional supplementation is another main factor associated with bone health and development. Aoe et al. [5] reported that as compared to drugs that have a rapid effect, administration of nutrients related to bone metabolism is relatively safe and inexpensive. To date, the effects of different types of supplementation such as calcium, vitamin D, milk, soy and soy protein on bone mass, turnover and mineral density have been reported [6][7][8][9]. One of the nutrients that has long tradition of use within various medical systems and prescribed for variety of uses from ancient time is honey. Ariefdjohan et al. [10] reported that honey has the potential to increase calcium absorption after 2 days of acute feeding in rats. In addition, Hussain et al. [11] reported that honey has similar effects with hormone replacement therapy on bone densitometry in postmenopausal women. Therefore, it was hypothesized that honey may play a role in increasing bone health.Tualang honey is a wild, multi floral honey produced by Apis dorsata bees that form hives on the branches of giant trees named Tualang in the Malaysian rainforest, and it has been reported recently that ovariectomized rats that received Tualang honey showed greater improvements in trabecular bone structure than rats receiving calcium [12], implying the beneficial effects of Tualang honey supplementation on bone. Nevertheless to date, administration of Tualang honey in combination with exercise on bone health and antioxidant status in rats has not been investigated, thus the present study was proposed. AbstractPurpose: To investigate the effects of combined jumping exercise and honey supplementation on bone metabolism and antioxidant status in female rats.
Background: Regular physical activity and proper nutritional intake are crucial for bone health. However, it is unclear if this health benefit is maintained after the removal of these stimuli. This study investigated the combined effects of aerobic dance exercise and honey supplementation, followed by their subsequent cessation on bone metabolism markers and antioxidant status in females. Methods: Forty-eight young female college students were assigned into four groups: i) 16S (16 weeks of sedentary activity); ii) 8E×8S (8 weeks of exercise followed by 8 weeks of sedentary activity); iii) 8H8S (8 weeks of honey supplementation followed by 8 weeks of sedentary activity) and iv) 8E×H8S (8 weeks of combined exercise and honey supplementation followed by 8 weeks of sedentary activity). Blood samples were collected from the participants prior to the intervention, at week 8 and at week 16 for the analysis of bone metabolism markers and antioxidant status. Results: At the mid test, bone speed of sound (SOS) (P < 0.01), serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (P < 0.001) and serum osteocalcin (P < 0.01) were significantly higher in the 8E×H8S group as compared to 16S group. After 8 weeks of cessation of exercise and honey supplementation, bone SOS was also significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the 8E×H8S group as compared to 16S group. In addition, the serum total calcium (P < 0.001), serum ALP (P < 0.01), total antioxidant status (TAS) (P < 0.01) and glutathione (GSH) (P < 0.01) in the 8E×H8S group were significantly higher at the post-test as compared to their respective pre-test values. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that there was improved maintenance of the beneficial effects induced by 8 weeks of combined exercise and honey supplementation on bone properties and the antioxidant status after 8 weeks of cessation of exercise and honey supplementation as compared to exercise and honey supplementation alone.
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