BackgroundDespite wide spread use of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) by pregnant women living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), the transmission rate is still higher by 18% after breastfeeding ends. The aim of this study was to identify factors affecting mother-to-child HIV transmission.MethodsUnmatched case–control study was conducted in Addis Ababa, from April to May, 2017. A case was HIV positive mother who had been on PMTCT program with her child confirmed HIV positive at or before 24 months and control was HIV positive mother who had been on PMTCT program with her child tested definitive HIV negative at 24 months. Accordingly, 44 cases were identified and for each case four controls with the nearest date of birth to the cases were selected from same health facilities. Primary data collected from the mothers were supplemented by record reviews and entered to Epidata version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 22. Multivariate logistic regression was fitted to identify factors independently associated with mother-to-child HIV transmission.ResultsLack of participation in mother-to-mother support program (AOR: 5.1; 95% CI: 1.4, 18.1), low partner involvement (AOR: 6.9; 95% CI: 1.4, 13.4), poor ART adherence (AOR:3.1; 95% CI: 1.3, 7.5), positive syphilis test results (AOR: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.2, 8.6), maternal malnutrition (AOR: 3.1; 95% CI: 1.4, 6.8), unplanned pregnancy (AOR: 10.3; 95% CI: 3.9, 27.2), home delivery (AOR: 5.3; 95% CI: 1.4, 19.4) and mixed feeding of the child during first six months of life (AOR: 12.5; 95% CI: 2.9, 52.7) were significantly associated with MTCT of HIV.ConclusionsMother-to-mother support, male partner involvement in PMTCT of HIV, strengthening antenatal care, counseling mothers on appropriate infant feeding options are important to reduce mother –to- child transmission of HIV.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-018-3217-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background: Hypertension (HTN) is the leading risk factor for mortality due to cardiovascular diseases, it accounts for 7% of global disability adjusted life years. In 2015, it was estimated that around 1.13 billion adults had HTN globally with a high prevalence in low and middle-income countries where the health system is weak to diagnose, treat, and control HTN. Most people with HTN are asymptomatic and go undiagnosed for years. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the burden of undiagnosed HTN among adults in urban communities of Southwest Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study involving 915 adults from June 17 to July 27, 2019 was performed. WHO STEPS questionnaire was used to collect data, and the collected data were entered using Epi Data version 3.1and analyzed using SPSS version 20, respectively. Binary logistic regression was used to check for a possible association between outcome and independent factors. P-value <0.05 and 95% CI were used on multivariable logistic regression analysis as threshold for significant statistical association. Results: Undiagnosed HTN in the study area was 21.2% (194). Age (AOR=1.04, 95% CI=1.02-1.05), BMI with overweight (AOR=2.52, 95% CI=1.35-4.71), triglyceride (AOR=1.83, 95% CI=1.29-2.59), and waist to hip ratio (AOR=1.62, 95% CI=1.03-2.54) were factors significantly associated with HTN. Conclusion:As compared to studies performed before, the risk of undiagnosed HTN in the current study was high. Age, BMI, triglyceride, and waist to hip ratios were found to be the significant factors for it. Preventing the risk factors and screening of HTN should be promoted for early detection, prevention, and treatment of the burden of the disease on the population.

Introduction. Home delivery is one of the major reasons for high maternal mortality ratio in sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia together contribute over 85% of maternal deaths, of which, only half of deliveries are institutional. However, data are scarce on the availability of information with regard to the determinant factors for this high prevalence of home delivery in the study area. Objective. This study is aimed at determining factors associated with home delivery, among mothers in Abobo Woreda, Gambella region, Southwest Ethiopia, 2019. Methods. A case control study conducted from 12 March 2019 up to 2 April 2019 on 88 cases and 176 controls. Cases include mothers who gave birth at home and those mothers who gave birth at health facility in the last one year preceding the study included as controls. Data entry was made using Epi-Data version 3.1, and analysis was made using SPSS version 20. A binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess candidate variables and subsequently a multivariable regression to determine the statistical associations. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated to determine strength of association, and p value <0.05 was used to establish significant associations. Results. No formal education (AOR: 5.07; 95% CI: 2.18-11.50), poor knowledge on obstetric complications (AOR: 3.83; 95% CI: 1.98-7.40), negative attitude towards delivery service (AOR: 3.25; 95% CI: 1.70-6.19), poor household wealth index (AOR: 4.55; 95% CI: 2.01-10.31), and no antenatal care visit (AOR: 3.29; 95% CI: 1.63-6.63) were found to be significantly associated with home delivery. Conclusions. The findings do support that no formal education, poor knowledge on obstetric complications, negative attitude towards delivery service, poor household wealth index, and no antenatal care visit showed a significant association with home delivery.

Introduction: Early detection of the unrecognized diabetes mellitus (DM) and its risk factors in the community is crucial to minimizing the burden of DM and associated complications. Hence, this study aimed to assess unrecognized DM and its relationship with behavioral characteristics, physical characteristics, and lipid profile among adults in Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 915 adults in Jimma Town from June 17 to July 27, 2019. Physical measurements, lipid profile, and blood sugar levels were measured. The collected data were entered and analyzed using Epi Data 3.1 and SPSS version 21, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression was fitted to assess predictors of unrecognized DM where adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to assess the strength of association at P-value ≤05. Results: The prevalence of unrecognized DM and impaired glucose metabolism (prediabetes) were 3.1% (95% CI; 2.0-4.4) and 14.8% (95% CI; 12.5-17.2), respectively. The risk of unrecognized DM was higher among male participants (AOR = 2.94, 95% CI: 1.19, 7.29), age group of 35 years and above (AOR = 3.45, 95% CI: 1.16, 10.27), and high waist circumference (AOR = 4.21, 95% CI: 1.72, 10.33). On the other hand, participants who perform sufficient physical activity (AOR = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.58) had low risk of undetected DM. Conclusion: The prevalence of unrecognized diabetes mellitus was relatively high. Male sex, advanced age, physical inactivity, and high waist circumference were found to be predictors of unrecognized DM. Thus, awareness needs to be created among the community to practice regular physical activity and maintaining normal body weight. Additionally, screening of DM should be promoted for early detection, prevention, and treatment.

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