I assume these women were of Nubian background based on their depiction with dark brown skin in contrast to the standard Egyptian depiction of women with light brown/ yellow skin. There is no need to assume these Nubian women were not resident in Egypt. With a long history of immigration in both directions, both Nubia and Egypt were very heterogeneous societies. 4 I refer to Nubian popular religion as opposed to the elite religion of Nubia during the Napatan and Meroitic periods, which were highly Egyptianized. 5 Yellin, "Nubian Religion," pp. 136, 141. 6 The addition of porches to temples in the Late Period was closely linked to changes in the composition of processions during the Kushite (Nubian) 25th Dynasty, when laymen joined the priests in procession. See Arnold,

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The temple of Philae is located on an island in the Nile River at the traditional border between Egypt and Nubia, south of the First Cataract and the city of Aswan. The principal temple of the complex is dedicated to the goddess Isis; subsidiary temples are dedicated to Hathor, Imhotep, and Harendotes, as well as the local Nubian gods.

The kings of Kush ruled a polity that was a 3000‐year‐old, culturally continuous kingdom dominant in the Middle Nile Valley as Kerma, Napata, and Meroe. During the Napatan period, kings from Kush ruled Egypt as the 25th Dynasty. In the Meroitic period (300 bce –300 ce ), many of the most powerful rulers were, in fact, sole‐ruling queens.

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