1. Abdominal colic and constipation are symptoms of lead poisoning in man, but mechanisms of these effects are not yet fully understood. In this study the effect of lead acetate on contractility of rat duodenum was determined in vivo in 70 rats. 2. Rats were orally dosed with 44 mg/kg per day lead as 53 mmol/L lead acetate, for 4 weeks. Motility of the duodenum was recorded with an electrical impedance probe. 3. A significant decrease in the amplitude of contraction waves in case of treated rats was observed compared with controls which received an equal volume of saline. The number of contractions increased from 26 per min in controls to 33 per min in treated rats. Gastrointestinal transit rate decreased by 64% and 69% after 9 and 15 days of lead exposure, respectively.
Background:We conducted a survey of 111 medical oncologists across India to understand the current pattern of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation testing at their respective centers.Methods:Medical oncologists from 111 institutes across India were interviewed face to face using a structured questionnaire. They were divided into two groups – Group 1 with in-house EGFR testing and Group 2 who send samples to central/commercial laboratories outside their institutions. Answers of the two groups were analyzed to see the prevailing patterns of EGFR testing and differences between the two groups if any.Results:Ninety-five percent (105/111) of medical oncologists recommended testing for EGFR mutations in patients with adenocarcinoma histology and 40% (44/111) recommended EGFR testing in squamous cell histology. The average time duration to get EGFR test results was 10 days in Group 1 centers versus 18 days in Group 2 centers. Ninety-six percent (106/111) of the medical oncologists from Group 1 centers requested for factoring additional sample for biomarker testing compared to 69% (77/111) of the oncologists from Group 2 centers. Sixty-nine percent (77/111) of medical oncologists in Group 1 centers would prefer to wait for the test results before initiating treatment compared to 46% (51/111) in Group 2. EGFR tyrosine-kinase inhibitors were used in only approximately 60% of patients with diagnosed EGFR mutation in the first line. For patients in whom chemotherapy was initiated while waiting for test results, 50% (56/111) of medical oncologists would prefer to complete 4–6 cycles before switching to targeted therapy. At the time of progression, rebiopsy was possible in approximately 25% of the patients.Conclusions:Turnaround time for molecular testing should improve so that eligible patients can benefit from targeted therapies in the first line. There is a need to increase the awareness among pulmonologists, oncologists, and interventional radiologists regarding the importance of adequate samples required for molecular tests.
Objective:To analyze the role of calcium in anxiety and its effect on anxiolytic activity of diazepam and verapamil.Materials and Methods:Study was conducted using female albino rats in light and dark arena; a nonconflicting animal experimental model for anxiety. Animals were divided into six groups with six animals in each group. Test drugs, calcium gluconate (10 mg/kg), diazepam (1 mg/kg), verapamil (5 mg/kg), calcium + diazepam, and calcium + verapamil were administered intraperitoneally. Percentage of time spent in light arena and number of entries into light arena were the two parameters observed for 5 min after 30 min of drug administration. ANOVA test was used for statistical analysis.Results:Compared to the control group, diazepam group, and calcium group, only calcium + diazepam group showed considerable increase in mean percentage of time spent in light arena. However, this increase was statistically insignificant. In the case of total number of entries into light arena, animals in calcium + diazepam group showed statistically significant increase in total number of entries into light arena when compared to calcium group and diazepam group.Conclusion:Results of the study suggest that calcium may enhance the anxiolytic activity of diazepam, but has no effect on anxiolytic activity of verapamil.
e13111 Background: Lung cancer diagnosis now involves routine use of biomarker testing to identify the driver mutations. We conducted a survey of 111 medical oncologists across India to understand the current pattern of EGFR mutation testing at their respective centres. Methods: Medical oncologists from 111 institutes across India were interviewed face to face using a structured questionnaire. They were divided into two groups - Group 1 with in-house EGFR testing and Group 2 who send samples to central/commercial labs. Answers of the two groups were analysed to see the prevailing patterns of EGFR mutation testing and differences between the groups if any. Results: In India, 95% of medical oncologists recommend testing for EGFR mutations in patients with adenocarcinoma histology. 40% would also recommend testing in squamous histology. 80% of medical oncologists request for biomarker testing at the time of primary biopsy. From the time of biopsy, the average time duration to get EGFR test results is 18 days. In centres with in-house testing (Group 1), results are available in 10 days. 96% of the medical oncologists from Group 1 centres request for factoring additional sample for biomarker testing compared to only 69% from Group 2. 69% of medical oncologists in Group 1 centres would prefer to wait for the test results before initiating treatment compared to 46% in Group 2. EGFR TKIs are used in 60% of patients with diagnosed EGFR mutation in the first line. For patients in whom chemotherapy is initiated while waiting for test results, 50% of medical oncologists prefer completing 4-6 cycles before switching to targeted therapy. At the time of progression, rebiopsy is possible in 25% of the patients. Rapid disease progression and poor PS were the two most common reasons given for the low rebiopsy rates. Conclusions: Application of molecular testing is improving. Yield can be improved by training of multidisciplinary team involved in tumor biopsy. There is scope and need to reduce the turnaround time. This will reduce the current scenario of commencing chemotherapy while waiting for test results. Increasing application of liquid biopsy will help in initial diagnosis as well as at relapse, especially for patients with poor PS or difficult access to tumor site.
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