The last few decades have witnessed 'one size fits all' kind of conventional treatment strategy i.e. a similar line of treatment or usage of the same drug to treat a particular disease. This approach is not associated with specific personal characteristics but with individual genetic constitutions. Precision oncology holds great opportunities to improve prediction, treatment and follow-up care for the benefit of cancer patients. In this study, many pieces of literature and various clinical data have been surveyed to understand how multiple genes are responsible for a particular cancer type and tabulate them. Having the genetic information of a patient and knowing the genes that are susceptible to mutation can help in the diagnosis. That in turn help to get the most tailored medicines, which will decrease the chances of treatment failure, which is quite common in cancer therapies. This review focuses on providing an idea of the genes whose mutation directly or indirectly can lead to cancer and other diseases also, and hence might be helpful to design separate treatment strategies for each individual in future.
Green synthesis of AuNPs that have potential anticancer properties is relatively simple, cheap and eco-friendly compared to the conventional chemical/physical approaches. Quercetin is known for its antioxidant and anticancer properties, i.e., induction of apoptosis, tumour suppression, etc. This study aims to characterize and compare between two differentially synthesized Quercetin-Au-Nanoconjugates, Q-Au-NCTSC and Q-AU-NCLE using a pure biochemical reductant, trisodium citrate and its natural alternative, citrus lemon extract respectively. Antibacterial and anticancer effects of both the nanoconjugates would also be checked and compared to analyze whether the use of a lemon extract has any impact on its structure and functional properties. A series of physicochemical characterizations viz. UV-Vis spectrophotometry, DLS, Zeta Potential, FT-IR, and SEM of the nanoconjugates were done. Further, evaluation of in vitro antibacterial activity was done against two Gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus; Bacillus Subtilis; and two Gram-negative bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Klebsiella pneumonia and cytotoxicity efficacy were checked on breast cancer (MCF7) cell line. Effective reduction of Au+3 to Au0 with quantum confinement in nano-regime was confirmed by a change of bulk colour of the HAu+3Cl4 solution, whereas conjugation of Quercetin to AuNPs was confirmed by FTIR. DLS showed the average size of the Q-Au-NCTSC and Q-Au-NCLE are 30 nm and 35.6 nm, respectively. The Q-Au-NCLE has shown comparatively better stability and antibacterial activity. In the case of cytotoxicity study on MCF7 cell line, the Q-Au-NCLE showed better efficacy (cell death ~ 75%) with respect to Q-Au-NCTSC (cell death ~66%). Natural sources rich in citric acid would serve as the best alternative to tri-sodium citrate in the synthesis of Au-NPs and different nanoconjugates for biomedical applications.
Breast cancer on becoming one of the leading cancer types, emerged as an important barrier in increasing life expectancy of the overall population. In the current study, some compounds were screened based on literature survey for the identification of natural bioactive compounds as potential inhibitors of Lyn tyrosine kinase. Therefore, a multi-step molecular docking was carried out using AutoDock embedded in the MGL Tools. After initial screening, molecules having a higher docking score and binding free energy compared to Tamoxifen were considered for further assessment. Some already known synthetic lyn tyrosine kinase inhibitor have been used for better understanding of the comparative study. Based on in silico Lipinski filter analysis, toxicity prediction, pharmacokinetic analysis, four compounds were proposed to be promising inhibitors of Lyn tyrosine kinase. Furthermore, the binding interactions of all proposed inhibitors of Lyn showed strong ligand efficiency in terms of energy score obtained with the help of molecular modelling analyses. Hence, the proposed compounds out of which three are bioactive compounds might be taken forward as potential next-generation Lyn kinase inhibitors for managing Lyn associated breast cancer after experimental authentication.
Background: Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), the leading cause of the epidemic in 2019, also known as COVID-19, has raised ongoing global concerns. The most favourable target protein for this flu is 3CLpro (conserved 3-chymotrypsin-like protease), also known as Mpro. Covaxin and Covishield vaccination is going in India. Remdesivir, as well as some antimalarial drugs such as Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine, are used for extreme necessity. However, Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine and their derivatives are not convenient for those who are suffering from hypertension, diabetes, cardiac arrest, and many more. Objective: Here, we choose some bioactive compounds for docking studies with the Mpro of SARS CoV2 and MERS as it is used as the primary target for a comparative study. Methods: The docking process was carried out by preparing both 3CLpro proteins, i.e., 2YNA and 6LU7, and then the ligand molecules were downloaded from Pubchem, DrugBank, and Zinc15 databases. Furthermore, SwissAdme and pkCSM software were used for the determination of toxicity and Pharmacokinetic properties (ADMET) properties. Lastly, docking was carried out by the Autodock version 4.2 program, and the docking score was compared to the reference inhibitor Ritonavir. Results: Among 17 bioactive compounds used for docking studies, Quercetin, Trans-Resveratol, Kaemferol, and Theaflavin have top, binding affinity for target proteins, i.e., Theaflavin (-14.35 kcal/mol), Quercetin (-11.88kcal/mol), Kaempferol (-9.3 kcal/mol) and Trans-Resveratol (-9.31 kcal/mol) and also obey Lipinski's rule which makes them potential drug candidate against Covid-19 virus. Hence, the application of these plant-based bioactive compounds alone or along with scheduled vaccination may be the best therapeutic approach in the current scenario.
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