Synthesis of Ni2+-doped ZnO nanoparticles and their antibacterial activity.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is widely acknowledged as a global health problem, yet the available solutions to this problem are limited. Nanomaterials can be used as potential nanoweapons to fight against this problem. In this study, we report an easy one-pot low-temperature synthesis of Ag-ZnO nanoparticles (AZO NPs) and their targeted antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. The physical properties of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Furthermore, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), zone of inhibition (ZOI), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images for morphological characterization of bacteria were assessed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of AZO NPs against both Gram-negative [Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) standard and AMR strains] and Gram-positive (S. aureus, MRSA3, and MRSA6) bacteria. The AZO NPs showed comparatively better antibacterial activity against S. aureus and MRSA strains than Gram-negative bacterial strains. This costeffective and simple synthesis strategy can be used for the development of other metal oxide nanoparticles, and the synthesized nanomaterials can be potentially used to fight against MRSA.
Antibiotic therapy is the gold standard for bacterial infections treatment. However, the rapid increase in multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections and its recent use for secondary bacterial infections in many COVID-19 patients has considerably weakened its treatment efficacy. These shortcomings motivated researchers to develop new antibacterial materials, such as nanoparticle-based antibacterial platform with the ability to increase the chances of killing MDR strains and prevent their drug resistance. Herein, we report a new black phosphorus (BP)-based non-damaging near-infrared light-responsive platform conjugated with ZnO and Au nanoparticles as a synergistic antibacterial agent against Staphylococcus aureus species. First, BP nanosheets containing Au nanoparticles were assembled in situ with the ZnO nanoparticles prepared by a low-temperature solution synthesis method. Subsequently, the antibacterial activities of the resulting Au–ZnO–BP nanocomposite against the non-resistant, methicillin-resistant, and erythromycin-resistant S. aureus species were determined, after its photothermal efficacy was assessed. The synthesized nanocomposite exhibited excellent anti-S. aureus activity and good photothermal characteristics. The non-resistant S. aureus species did not produce drug-resistant bacteria after the treatment of multiple consecutive passages under the pressure of the proposed nanoantibiotic, but rapidly developed resistance to erythromycin. This work clearly demonstrates the excellent photothermal antibacterial properties of Au–ZnO–BP nanocomposite against the MDR S. aureus species.
Resistance to polymyxins when treating multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacterial infections limit therapeutic options. Here, we report the synthesis of a nickel (Ni) doped Zinc oxide (NZO) combined with black phosphorus (BP) (NZB) nanocomposite and its synergistic action with polymyxin B (PolB) against polymyxin-resistant Escherichia coli harboring mobilized colistin resistance (mcr-1) gene. NZB and PolB combination therapy expressed a specific and strong synergy against Mcr-1 expressing E. coli cells. The underlying mechanism of the synergy is the charge neutralization of the E. coli cell surface by NZB, resulting in a more feasible incorporation of PolB to E. coli. The synergistic concentration of NZB with PolB was proved biocompatible. Thus, the NZB is the first biocompatible nano-adjuvant to polymyxins against polymyxin-resistant E. coli cells, recognizing the physical status of bacteria instead of known adjuvants targeting cellular gene products. Therefore, NZB has the potential to revive polymyxins as leading last-resort antibiotics to combat polymyxin-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections.
The biomedical field is currently reaping the benefits of research on biomimetic nanoparticles (NPs), which are synthetic nanoparticles fabricated with natural cellular materials for nature-inspired biomedical applications. These camouflage NPs are capable of retaining not only the physiochemical properties of synthetic nanoparticles but also the original biological functions of the cellular materials. Accordingly, NPs coated with cell-derived membrane components have achieved remarkable growth as prospective biomedical materials. Particularly, bacterial outer membrane vesicle (OMV), which is a cell membrane coating material for NPs, is regarded as an important molecule that can be employed in several biomedical applications, including immune response activation, cancer therapeutics, and treatment for bacterial infections with photothermal activity. The currently available cell membrane-coated NPs are summarized in this review. Furthermore, the general features of bacterial OMVs and several multifunctional NPs that could serve as inner core materials in the coating strategy are presented, and several methods that can be used to prepare OMV-coated NPs (OMV-NPs) and their characterization are highlighted. Finally, some perspectives of OMV-NPs in various biomedical applications for future potential breakthrough are discussed. This in-depth review, which includes potential challenges, will encourage researchers to fabricate innovative and improvised, new-generation biomimetic materials through future biomedical applications.
The interactions between proteins and nanoparticles need to be fully characterized as the immobilization of proteins onto various nanoplatforms in the physiological system often results in the change of surface of the protein molecules to avoid any detrimental issues related to their biomedical applications. Hence, in this article, the successful low-temperature synthesis of a BP-based γ-Fe2O3 (IB) nanocomposite and its interactive behavior with bovine serum albumin (BSA)—a molecule with chemical similarity and high sequence identity to human serum albumin—are described. To confirm the formation of γ-Fe2O3 and the IB nanocomposite, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses of the materials were performed. Additionally, the physical interaction between BSA and the IB nanocomposite was confirmed via UV–Vis and photoluminescence spectral analyses. Finally, the biocompatibility of the BSA-immobilized IB nanocomposite was verified using an in vitro cytotoxicity assay with HCT-15 colon cancer cells. Our findings demonstrate that this newly developed nanocomposite has potential utility as a biocompatible nanoplatform for various biomedical applications.
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