Background and objectives: Okara and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) were added to jeungpyun, a steamed rice cake, as fermentation enhancers. Three types of jeungpyun were prepared: containing only rice (C), with okara added (O), and okara treated with HPMC (OH). Findings: During fermentation, the OH batter had the highest volume, followed by O and C; particularly OH maintained its volume without batter collapse after 2 hrs. The viscosity (C: 446, O: 575, OH: 991 cP) and water-holding capacity (C: 2.9, O: 8.7, OH: 17.2%) of batter also showed the same tendency with volume. After steaming, the volume of OH jeungpyun was the highest (1.7 cm 3 /g), followed by O (1.5 cm 3 /g) and C (1.4 cm 3 /g). The sensory panel scores of the okara treated samples were 1.8 (OH)-2.4 (O) fold lower in hardness than C. Addition of okara decreased the hardness and the rate of hardening of jeungpyun during storage, particularly in OH. Conclusions: Okara improved the fermentation of batter, and improved the hardness and volume of jeungpyun. HPMC stabilized the batter and maintained the volume. Significance and novelty: This study suggests the application of okara as a fermentation source and its impact on quality effect.
K E Y W O R D Sfermentation, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, okara, rice cake, texture improver
Background: Methane reduction technology has not yet been put into practical use because of problems such as reduced digestibility, increased costs, additives remaining and microbial adaptations. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of allicin and illite supplementation on ruminal methane production, growth performance and carcass characteristics of the Hanwoo steers.
Methods: For the in vitro experiment, 3 Hanwoo cows equipped with rumen fistula were used. The 28 Hanwoo steers were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary groups: control (CON), T1 (1.0% illite), T2 (0.1% allicin), or T3 (1.0% illite and 0.1% allicin). All data were analyzed using the generalized linear model procedure.
Result: The methane production was rapidly increased for all the treatments after 8 h, but decreased compared to the control after 24 h (P less than 0.05) of incubation. There was no difference in the growth performance and carcass characteristics of steers among the treatments. Thus, allicin 0.1% and/or illite 1.0% have the potential to be used as natural feed additives to reduce methane production.
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