Our results suggest that a combination of physiologic adaptations and improved exercise pain tolerance account for the improvement in walking performance achieved through upper-limb aerobic exercise training in patients with PAD. Furthermore, that both arm- and leg-crank training could be useful exercise training modalities for improving cardiovascular function, walking performance, and exercise pain tolerance in patients with symptomatic PAD.
Task-specific checklists were more discriminatory between trainees and may be useful for formative assessment (training). Global ratings were more discriminatory for consultants and may be useful for summative assessment (examination or revalidation).
These findings support the use of alternative, relatively pain-free forms of exercise in the clinical management of patients with intermittent claudication.
Previous data suggest that patients with small AAA have a high risk of cardiovascular (CV) mortality and morbidity. The recent implementation of the NHS AAA screening programme (NAAASP) and similar programmes elsewhere has led to several individuals being diagnosed with small AAA, yet addressing their CV risk-factors is still not formalised clinical practice within screening programmes. The precise contemporary CV risk-profiles of these patients also remain unknown. Our findings suggest that despite recent advances in CV prevention in highrisk populations, the management of patients with small AAA remains suboptimal. Better CVprotection should be offered and monitored during surveillance.
ABSTRACTBackground: Patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) are at significant-risk of
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