Abstract:The antifungal effect of the complete methanolic extract and a ethanolic fraction of three native Chilean plants (Ephedra breana, Fabiana imbricata, and Nolana sedifolia) were tested in vitro against Botrytis cinerea (the grey mold fungus) at 250 µg/mL for E. breana and N. sedifolia extracts and 400 µg/mL for F. imbricata extract. The results of this study showed that the ethanolic fractions of E. breana and N. sedifolia have a fungistatic effect during 14 days, while the fungus is exposed to the media with extracts. The complete methanolic fractions of the three studied plant species and the ethanolic fraction of F. imbricada did not show any fungicidal effect. The extracts and fractions were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and the assayed compounds were: chlorogenic acid, cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, vanillin, vanillic acid, rutin, caffeic acid, 3, 4-hydroxibenzoic acid (veratric acid), 3, 4-dimethoxycinnamic acid (caffeic acid dimethyl ester), and protocatechuic acid. Taking into account the antifungal activity of the ethanolic extracts of E. breana and N. sedifolia in in vitro assay, they may be an interesting alternative to control the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea. Key words: Ephedra breana, Fabiana imbricata, fungicidal, Nolana sedifolia phenolic compounds, plant extracts.Resumen: Se estudiaron los posibles efectos antifúngico de los extractos metanólicos crudos y fracciones etanólicas de tres plantas nativas de Chile: Ephedra breana, Fabiana imbricata y Nolana sedifolia sobre el desarrollo micelial in vitro del hongo fitopatóge-no Botritis cinerea (moho gris), a una concentración de 250 µg/mL de E. breana y N. sedifolia, y de 400 µg/mL para F. imbricata. Los resultados ponen en evidencia que las fracciones etanólicas de E. breana y N. sedifolia ejercieron un efecto inhibitorio del crecimiento micelial de B. cinerea, en condiciones in vitro. Este efecto demostró ser fungistático y se mantuvo durante los 14 días evaluados. Los extractos completos de ambas especies no mostraron efectos inhibitorios. Los extractos completos y las fracciones etanólicas fueron analizadas por cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia y entre los compuestos encontrados fueron: ácido clorogé-nico, ácido cinámico, ácido p-cumárico, ácido ferúlico, vainillina, ácido vainíllico, rutina, ácido caféico, ácido 3,4-hidroxibenzoico (ácido verátrico), ácido caféico dimetil ester (ácido 3, 4 dimetoxicinámico) y ácido protocatéquico. Las fracciones etanólicas obtenidas pueden considerarse como una promisoria alternativa para el control de este fitopatógeno.
As a result of the high variability of fruit properties in the European plum Prunus domestica, a histochemical analysis of fruits at different stages of development was performed to understand the ripening process in cv. 'Colora' (yellow− red skinned) and cv. 'Topfive' (purple skinned). Histological analysis showed that carotenoids in the fruit had two different origins. In the fruit flesh, they derived from chloroplasts that turned into chromoplasts, whereas carotenoids in the fruit skin derived probably from proplastids. Flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins showed differential localization during ripening. They were visible in the vacuole in different fruit tissues or organized in tannosomes in the fruit flesh. Tanninoplasts were observed only in hypodermal cells of 'Colora'. Toward maturity, anthocyanins were detected in the epidermis and later in the hypodermis of both cultivars. The study forms a basis for the analysis of the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in European plums and their biological effects.
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