Histochemical Analysis of Anthocyanins, Carotenoids, and Flavan-3-ols/Proanthocyanidins in Prunus domestica L. Fruits during Ripening

Abstract

As a result of the high variability of fruit properties in the European plum Prunus domestica, a histochemical analysis of fruits at different stages of development was performed to understand the ripening process in cv. 'Colora' (yellow− red skinned) and cv. 'Topfive' (purple skinned). Histological analysis showed that carotenoids in the fruit had two different origins. In the fruit flesh, they derived from chloroplasts that turned into chromoplasts, whereas carotenoids in the fruit skin derived probably from proplastids. Flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins showed differential localization during ripening. They were visible in the vacuole in different fruit tissues or organized in tannosomes in the fruit flesh. Tanninoplasts were observed only in hypodermal cells of 'Colora'. Toward maturity, anthocyanins were detected in the epidermis and later in the hypodermis of both cultivars. The study forms a basis for the analysis of the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in European plums and their biological effects.

Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis—a Matter of Protection

“…The descriptive studies on the tannosome have used species in which the biochemistry and genetics of PA biosynthesis are less well defined, and which are poorly amenable to genetic manipulation. Furthermore, histological observations provide varying pictures of tannin deposition and vesicles in different cell types (Vio-Michaelis et al, 2020). The species with the best developed genetic tools (Arabidopsis and Medicago spp.)…”

Systematic Study of the Sensory Quality, Metabolomics, and Microbial Community of Fresh-Cut Watermelon Provides New Clues for Its Quality Control and Preservation

“…These results showed consistency with the Bray–Curtis hierarchical clustering analysis in Figure 4 F. In the identified genera, decreased norank_f_norank_o_Chloroplast and norank_f_Mitochondria levels and elevated levels of unclassified_f_Enterobacteriaceae and other genera that were mainly from Firmicutes and Proteobacteria phyla were revealed to be the major discrepancies between s72h_28 flesh and the two other groups ( Figure 4 G). As two overwhelming compositions in fresh watermelon and s72h_4 flesh, norank_f_norank_o_Chloroplast and norank_f_Mitochondria represented chromoplasts and mitochondria, respectively, in consideration of their similarities in 16S sequences [ 41 , 42 ]. The collapse of chromoplasts in pulps of the s72h_28 batch might be responsible for the color change to a certain extent, given that the stability of chromoplasts under different storage conditions is regarded as an important factor that affects pigment degradation rates and color attributes [ 43 ].…”

The morphoanatomy, histochemistry, and phytochemistry of the leaves and fruits of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa

“…However, studies have not usually addressed secondary metabolite localization in this species. Particular staining and procedures can reveal metabolites, including pectin, lipids, lignin, proteins, phenolic compounds, tannins, starch grains, essential oils, rubber, and terpenoids (Vio-Michaelis et al 2020). Unequivocal botanical characterizations are needed to identify medicinal plants correctly.…”