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Background: Solid waste from coffee depulping process threatens the organism in environment as it produces organic pollutants. Evidence suggested that coffee by-product could valorize owing to its potential as antioxidant sources. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate antioxidant activity of coffee by-products obtained from different coffee variants (arabica and robusta) and processing methods. Methods: The systematic review was conducted as of May 29, 2021 for records published within the last ten years (2011–2021) using seven databases: Embase, Medline, BMJ, Web of Science, Science Direct, Cochrane, and PubMed. Data on type of specimen, processing methods, and antioxidant activities were collected based on PRISMA guidelines. Results: Our data suggested that aqueous extract was found to be the most common processing method used to obtain the antioxidant from various coffee by-products, followed by methanol and ethanol extract. A variety of antioxidant properties ranging from strong to low activity was found depending on the variety, type of coffee by-products (cascara, pulp, husk, silverskin, and parchment), and processing technique. Fermentation employing proper bacteria was found effective in improving the yield of bioactive compounds resulting in higher antioxidant capacity. Applications in feedstuffs, foods, beverages, and topical formulation are among the potential utilization of coffee by-products. Conclusion: Coffee by-products contain bioactive compounds possessing antioxidant properties which could be used as additives in foods, beverages, and cosmetics. In particular, their benefits in skin care products require further investigation.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan proses penyelesaian masalah soal PISA pada siswa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif. Subjek penelitian ini siswa kelas VIII A SMP Negeri 1 Teras berjumlah 28 siswa. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah metode tes, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Pada penelitian ini keabsahan data menggunakan teknik triangulasi dengan membandingkan data hasil tes, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data kuantitatif menggunakan reduksi, penyajian hingga penarikan kesimpulan disesuaikan dengan langkah-langkah Polya. Hasil penelitian ini diperoleh kesimpulan siswa berkemampuan tinggi dapat memenuhi semua indikator dalam penyelesaian soal secara maksimal, siswa berkemampuan sedang dan rendah tidak konsisten dalam melakukan tahapan penyelesaian soal sehingga kurang maksimal.

Rafflesia zollingeriana Kds. is the only endemic Rafflesia species in Meru Betiri National Park. The threatened status is on endangered. But, the people who resident in around of forest belief this plant have a savour in health as traditional medicine and threatened by theft. The purpose of the research is to knows a). Perceptions of the community around Meru Betiri National Park to Rafflesia zollingeriana Kds. b). Affecting factor the community take Rafflesia zollingeriana Kds. in Meru Betiri National Park area. and c). Actors involved in the activities of the Rafflesia zollingeriana Kds. This research did at Bandealit and Wonosari resort by qualitative method. The results showed that the perception of society is divided into two: economic and social aspects. On the economic aspect, people consider that this plant has a high selling value and can help increase revenue. Based on the social aspect, the daily life of the community around the area is so close from the forest. The main factor that affecting the people around Meru Betiri National Park takes Rafflesia zollingeriana kds. is a factor of economic necessity and social life. Supporting factors is couses the low knowledge of conservation efforts, Low educational, and cultural factors of society who still use traditional medicine as an alternative treatment. The actors involved in taking Rafflesia zollingeriana kds. are buyers, community takers, processors, and sellers.

Labor fishermen are the lowest element of social structure in the fishermen community. The unstable income of labor fishermen because of the season and weather conditions makes their wives work in the public sector to support their household income. This research aims to identify the motivation of the labor fishermen's wives to work in the public sector and to find out their livelihood strategies. The location of the research was determined purposively, namely Pengambengan Village, Negara District, Jembrana Regency, Bali Province. This research used a descriptive and qualitative approach. The key informant was selected purposively while supporting informants were selected by using the snowball sampling technique. The data were collected by using methods of interview, observation and document were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman model. The results showed that 1) the motivation of the fishermen's wives to work in the public sector included physiological needs, safety needs, and social needs. 2) There were two livelihood strategies undertaken by labor fisherman wives, namely livelihood diversification through working as traders, tailors, and labor; migration through working outside the village as a laborer in the agricultural sector. Keywords: Labor Fishermen's Wife, Motivation, Livelihood Strategy, Diversification, Migration

Abstract-Artisanal gold mining activities in developing countries are still in concern with environmental and health issues regarding the impact which results from the activities. Amalgamation technique using mercury was commonly applied in extracting gold from the ore. During the process, mercury releases into the environment in its metallic form and mercury vapor. Mercury releases to environment can harm population who work or live near mining area. Mercury is a highly toxic metal and it can penetrate nervous systems as the main target organ. Acute and chronic neurological disturbances can also be experienced by the communities. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between occupation in the mining process, length of time of mercury exposure and neurological status disturbances in communities near artisanal gold mining area in West Aceh, and is known now as Aceh Jaya district, Aceh Province, Indonesia. A cross sectional design was conducted with 78 respondents who lived in villages namely, Paya Seumantok, Panggong, and Curek. Samples were collected by random sampling and respondents were interviewed and given general physical examination. Data were analyzed by Chi-Square test at α = 0.05. The results of this study showed that occupation in mining process has relationship with neurological status disturbances (p=0.004) whereas length of time of mercury exposure showed no relationship to neurological status disturbances (p=0.650). Respondents have experienced neurological disturbances such as headache (48.7%), insomnia (37.2 %), tremor (10.3%), memory loss and mood changes (9.0%), hearing impairment and somatosensory disturbances (3.8%). It can be concluded that efforts for monitoring and evaluation on artisanal gold mining in the areas have to be made by local government and stakeholders to prevent widespread of epidemy on mercury disasters. It is also needed to follow up the neurological status disturbances of the respondents clinically through intensive examination.