Objectives To describe the incidence, aetiology, characteristics, assessment, management and outcome of long‐bone fractures in rabbits presenting to a single institution. Materials and Methods Medical records of pet rabbits diagnosed with long‐bone fractures over a 12‐year period were analysed. Patient signalment, fracture aetiology, fracture location, fracture description, time from fracture occurrence to veterinary presentation, fixation method, postoperative complications, clinical outcome and follow‐up were recorded. Results Twenty‐eight pet rabbits that sustained 30 fractures were included in the study [femoral (n=12), tibial (n=6), metacarpal/metatarsal/phalangeal (n=5), radial and ulnar (n=4) and tarsal (n=3)]. Twenty‐one (75%) of the rabbits were less than 2 years of age, including seven (25%) under 6 months of age. Twenty‐five fractures had no identifiable cause and five were traumatic. Only one fracture was open. Surgical stabilisation was performed in 22 fractures, four were non‐surgically managed, two had the affected limb amputated, one underwent digital amputation and one was euthanased. Postoperative complications occurred in nine fractures [major (n=6), minor (n=3)]. The frequency of complications or attainment of a functional recovery was not notably different between the different methods of fixation. Overall, 24 rabbits recovered, two were euthanased and four underwent limb amputation. Clinical Significance Fractures in rabbits typically occur in young animals and they usually lack an obvious aetiology. The majority of the rabbits treated achieved a functional recovery, although the postoperative complication rate was high in fractures treated surgically (41%).

A five-year-old female intact German shepherd presented with an acute onset of abdominal pain. Abdominal ultrasound revealed a 5-cm encapsulated, heterogeneous structure with hypoechoic patches near the right pancreatic lobe. An exploratory laparotomy revealed a partially encapsulated necrotic mass located at the greater omentum. A partial omentectomy was performed. Histopathological findings were consistent with necrosis of the omentum secondary to omental torsion. Postoperative course was uneventful. Omental torsion is a rare cause of abdominal pain in human beings and animals. In veterinary medicine, it has only been reported four times, none of them in a dog. Omental torsion should be included as a differential diagnosis for dogs with acute abdominal pain and gastrointestinal signs. Imaging studies can aid in the diagnosis but exploratory laparotomy is probably the best diagnostic and therapeutic intervention in these cases. Prognosis after surgery appears to be good but an underlying aetiology should be searched thoroughly.

Background: Albuminocytological dissociation (ACD) of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is defined as an increased total protein concentration with normal total nucleated cell count. It is suspected to occur in diseases that alter the blood-brain barrier, increase the production of protein or obstruct the flow of CSF. The purposes of this study were to review the CSF analysis results of a large cohort of dogs with neurological conditions, to analyse the total prevalence of ACD and to describe which diseases have a higher prevalence of ACD. Study design and methods: Medical records were retrospectively searched for dogs whom CSF was sampled from 2012-2019. Data collected included signalment, body weight, site of collection of the CSF, CSF analysis results, and final diagnosis. Results: A total of 497 dogs met the inclusion criteria. ACD was identified in 16.5% (82/497) of dogs. The diseases with higher proportion of ACD were cranial nerve neuropathy (6/10; 60.0%), brain tumour (10/24; 41.7%), idiopathic vestibular disease (7/17; 41.2%) and brain vascular disease (4/13; 30.8%). Clinical significance: This study describes the CSF patterns of the most common neurological conditions in dogs, also characterizing, for the first time in dogs, the prevalence and causes of ACD, which was identified in 16.5 % of the samples. The diseases with highest proportions of ACD were cranial nerve neuropathy, brain tumour, idiopathic vestibular disease and brain vascular disease.

To identify the incidence, aetiology, characteristics, assessment, management and outcome of bone fractures in rabbits presenting to a single institution.

The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK § Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Hampshire SO21 2LL, UK 1 Corresponding author email: barney.dean@scvetspecialists.co.uk Objectives: To report surgical technique, intra-and post-operative complications, and short-and long-term outcome following canine hepatobiliary surgery in which exposure of intra-abdominal hepatobiliary lesions was aided by diaphragmotomy. Materials and MethOds: Clinical records from four multi-disciplinary UK-based small animal referral hospitals were retrospectively reviewed for dogs in which diaphragmotomy was performed between January 2014 and May 2019. Signalment, diagnosis, surgery performed, diaphragmotomy technique, management of diaphragmotomy and pneumothorax, intra-and post-operative complications, short-term outcome and long-term outcome were recorded.results: Thirty-one cases were identified. The most common hepatobiliary surgeries performed alongside diaphragmotomy were single hepatic lobectomy (14/31) and cholecystectomy (11/31).The most common diagnoses were hepatocellular carcinoma (10/31), gall bladder mucocoele (7/31) and hepatic nodular hyperplasia (4/31). Peri-operative mortality rate was 9.7% (3/31 cases) though none of these deaths were considered attributable to diaphragmotomy. Post-operative complications were encountered in 67.9% (19/28) cases that survived the peri-operative period, of which 25.0% (7/28) suffered complications that were considered attributable or likely attributable to diaphragmotomy. These seven complications resolved following non-surgical intervention.Follow-up was available for 26 of 28 patients that survived to discharge at a median of 4-months (range 10 days to 24 months) following surgery and revealed no evidence of complications related to diaphragmotomy.clinical significance: Diaphragmotomy appears safe and increases abdominal exposure of hepatobiliary lesions. The benefit of improved exposure must be carefully weighed up against the risks inherent in inducing pneumothorax.