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NPWT accelerated appearance of smooth, nonexuberant granulation tissue; however, prolonged use of NPWT impaired wound contraction and epithelialization.

Aims: The objective of these surveys was to estimate the prevalence of faecal carriage of Salmonella in healthy pigs, cattle and sheep at slaughter, and of pig carcase contamination with Salmonella. These data can be used as a baseline against which future change in Salmonella prevalence in these species at slaughter can be monitored. Methods and Results: In this first randomized National Survey for faecal carriage of Salmonella in slaughter pigs, cattle and sheep in Great Britain, 2509 pigs, 891 cattle and 973 sheep were sampled in 34 pig abattoirs and 117 red meat abattoirs in England, Scotland and Wales. Carriage of Salmonella in 25 g caecal contents was identified in 578 (23AE0% pigs) but in only 134 (5AE3%) of carcase swabs. The predominant Salmonella serovars found in both types of sample were S. Typhimurium (11AE1% caeca, 2AE1% carcases) and S. Derby (6AE3% caeca, 1AE6% carcases). The main definitive phage types (DT) of S. Typhimurium found were DT104 (21AE9% of caecal S. Typhimurium isolates), DT193 (18AE7%), untypable strains (17AE6%), DT208 (13AE3%) and U302 (13AE3%). Three isolates of S. Enteritidis (PTs 13A and 4) and one enrofloxacin-resistant S. Choleraesuis were also isolated. A positive Ômeat-juice ELISAÔ was obtained from 15AE2% of pigs at 40% optical density (O.D.) cut-off level and 35AE7% at 10% cut-off. There was poor correlation between positive ELISA results or carcase contamination and the caecal carriage of Salmonella. The ratio of carcase contamination to caecal carriage rates was highest in abattoirs from the midland region of England and in smaller abattoirs. In cattle and sheep 1 g samples of rectal faeces were tested. Two isolates (i.e. 0AE2%) were recovered from cattle, one each of S. Typhimurium, DT193 and DT12. One sheep sample (0AE1%) contained a Salmonella, S. Typhimurium DT41. In a small subsidiary validation exercise using 25 g of rectal faeces from 174 cattle samples, three (1AE7%) isolates of Salmonella (S. Typhimurium DT104, S. Agama, S. Derby) were found. Conclusions: The carriage rate of Salmonella in prime slaughter cattle and sheep in Great Britain was very low compared with pigs. This suggests that future control measures should be focused on reduction of Salmonella infection on pig farms and minimizing contamination of carcases at slaughter. Significance and Impact of the Study: This work has set baseline figures for Salmonella carriage in these species slaughtered for human consumption in Great Britain. These figures were collected in a representative way, which enables them to be used for monitoring trends and setting control targets.

The results demonstrate that the rtRT-PCR is sensitive and should be used alongside existing universal influenza A assays to rapidly detect the novel H1N1 swl virus.

Context:No researchers, to our knowledge, have investigated the immediate postinjury-movement strategies associated with acute first-time lateral ankle sprain (LAS) as quantified by center of pressure (COP) and kinematic analyses during performance of the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT).Objective: To analyze the kinematic and COP patterns of a group with acute first-time LAS and a noninjured control group during performance of the SEBT.Design: Case-control study. Intervention: Participants performed the anterior (ANT), posterolateral (PL), and posteromedial (PM) reach directions of the SEBT.Main Outcome Measure(s): We assessed 3-dimensional kinematics of the lower extremity joints and associated fractal dimension (FD) of the COP path during performance of the SEBT.Results: The LAS group had decreased normalized reach distances in the ANT, PL, and PM directions when compared with the control group on their injured (ANT: 58.16% 6 6.86% versus 64.86% 6 5.99%; PL: 85.64% 6 10.62% versus 101.14% 6 8.39%; PM: 94.89% 6 9.26% versus 107.29 6 6.02%) and noninjured (ANT: 60.98% 6 6.74% versus 64.76% 6 5.02%; PL: 88.95% 6 11.45% versus 102.36% 6 8.53%; PM: 97.13% 6 8.76% versus 106.62% 6 5.78%) limbs (P , .01). This observation was associated with altered temporal sagittal-plane kinematic profiles throughout each reach attempt and at the point of maximum reach (P , .05). This result was associated with a reduced FD of the COP path for each reach direction on the injured limb only (P , .05).Conclusions: Acute first-time LAS was associated with bilateral deficits in postural control, as evidenced by the bilateral reduction in angular displacement of the lower extremity joints and reduced reach distances and FD of the COP path on the injured limb during performance of the SEBT.Key Words: ankle joint, biomechanics, kinematics, kinetics, postural balance Key PointsIndividuals with acute, first-time lateral ankle sprain injuries exhibited bilateral deficits in dynamic postural control as assessed using the reach distances achieved during the anterior, posterolateral, and posteromedial directions of the Star Excursion Balance Test. These deficits are underpinned by both local and global modifications in the movement patterns adopted at the point of maximum reach by the joints of the lower extremity. A trend toward reduced sagittal-plane range-of-motion displacement was also noted at the hip, knee, and ankle joints throughout each reach attempt in the injured group. These deficits were associated with an apparently reduced capacity to exploit the available base of support, as illustrated by a reduced fractal dimension of the stance-limb center-of-pressure path of the injured limb. Researchers need to determine if some deficits observed in the acute phase of lateral ankle sprain precede or predispose an athlete to the initial injury and to clarify whether these deficits are central to the onset of chronic injury.

No research currently exists investigating the effect of acute injury on single-limb landing strategies. The aim of the current study was to analyse the coordination strategies of participants in the acute phase of lateral ankle sprain (LAS) injury. Thirty-seven participants with acute, first-time, LAS and nineteen uninjured participants completed a single-leg drop landing task (DL) on both limbs. 3-dimensional kinematic (angular displacement) and sagittal plane kinetic (moment of force) data were acquired for the joints of the lower extremity, from

lateral ankle sprain copers, 1-year following a first-time lateral ankle sprain injury. AbstractPurpose: To quantify the dynamic balance deficits that characterize a group with chronic ankle instability compared to lateral ankle sprain copers and non-injured controls using kinematic and kinetic outcomes.Methods: Forty-two participants with chronic ankle instability and twenty-eight ankle sprain copers were initially recruited within 2-weeks of sustaining a first-time, acute lateral ankle sprain and required to attend our laboratory one-year following to complete the current studyprotocol. An additional group of non-injured individuals were also recruited to act as a control group. All participants completed the anterior, posterior-lateral and posterior-medial reach directions of the Star Excursion Balance Test. Sagittal plane kinematics of the lower extremity and associated fractal dimension of the center of pressure path were also acquired. Results:Participants with chronic ankle instability displayed poorer performance in the anterior, posterior-medial and posterior-lateral reach directions compared to controls bilaterally, and in the posterior-lateral direction compared to ankle sprain copers on their 'involved' limb only. These performance deficits in the posterior-lateral and posterior-medial directions were associated with reduced flexion and dorsiflexion displacements at the hip, knee and ankle at the point of maximum reach, and coincided with reduced complexity of the center of pressure path. Conclusion:In comparison to ankle sprain copers and controls, participants with chronic ankle instability were characterized by dynamic balance deficits as measured using the SEBT. This was attested to reduced sagittal plane motions at the hip, knee and ankle joints, and reduced capacity of the stance limb to avail of its supporting base. Level of evidence: Level III