The adult hippocampal formation (HF) is functionally, connectionally, and transcriptionally differentiated along the dorsal-ventral axis. At birth, the hippocampus appears shortened along its dorsal-ventral axis. We therefore questioned at what postnatal age the differentiated dorsal-ventral hippocampus is present. We first established that the ventral tissue in the short postnatal hippocampus remains ventral in the adult-like hippocampus. Second, using anatomical tracing techniques we report that, within the first postnatal week, the main input from the entorhinal cortex (EC) to HF is topographically organized. The terminal distribution of this input along the dorsal-ventral axis of HF was related to a dorsolateral-to-ventromedial axis of origin in EC, thus reflecting adult topography. Finally, we examined gene expression along the dorsal-ventral axis in the developing hippocampus. We found that several genes that were differentially enriched in the adult dorsal and ventral hippocampus were similarly enriched in the dorsal and ventral hippocampal poles at birth. The differentially expressed genes relate to different molecular pathways and biomarkers of disease. Taken together, these data lead us to conclude that the entire dorsal-ventral axis of HF is present at birth showing adult-like functional differentiation. Moreover, our findings indicate that the neonatal ventral hippocampus is enriched with biomarkers associated with mental illnesses. These include schizophrenia, affective and anxiety disorders, disorders previously deemed as ventral hippocampal associated disorders, as well as alcoholism. Our results thus suggest an early developmental susceptibility of the ventral HF to mental illness.
Objective: The objective of the study was to compare the Anatomy scores with Total scores in exams with Integrated results and exams with Subject-based results and to compare the Anatomy scores in exams with Integrated results with exams with Subject-based results.Study Design: Quantitative/observational, retrospective study, with Universal sampling.Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy of Foundation University School of Health Sciences Islamabad, Pakistan, from 1st May 2022 to 31st August 2022.Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on scores of the First professional examination in two groups of MBBS students; Group A (n=150). The result was based on integrated scores, and Group B (n=149): Result was based on subject score. The mean Anatomy score (AS) percentage in Groups A & B was compared with the mean total score (TS) percentage in both groups, respectively, and with each other using Student’s t test.Results: The Anatomy score in Group A (63.72%±12.20) and Group B (66.26%±12.7) was less than the Total score (Group A:69.38%±8.79, Group B:67.56±10.93). This difference was statistically significant (p=0.00) in Group A. The Anatomy score in Group A was less than in Group B, but the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.08).Conclusion: The Anatomy score was significantly less than the Total score in exams with integrated results. Moreover, the Anatomy score was less in the exams with integrated results as compared to exams with subject-based Results.
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