The objective of this study will be to clarify the historical characteristics of the formation process of admissions based on sports recommendation in Japanese universities. First, in Japan, even before the recommendation admission system was o‹cially approved, athletes had been given preferential treatment in entrance examinations. Next, Since the recommendation admission system was o‹cially approved in 1967, private universities' faculties of physical education, among others, started actively admitting athletes based on a recommendation. These physical education faculties selected students based on physical skills tests to secure competent athletes. And in the 1980's, private universities played a leading role in conducting entrance examinations with a special admission quota for athletes. Waseda University launched the Special Selection System for the Physical Education Major, which introduced a special admission quota for athletes, speciˆed the athletic events and performances, and made the selection process widely known to the public. Last of all, 1987 the Ad Hoc Council on Education recommended that assessment on sports activities be taken into consideration in entrance examinations. The 1989 University Admissions Selection Implementation Guidelines listed``adequate assessment of activities in sports, culture, etc.'' as a selection method for university admission for theˆrst time.
The purpose of this paper was to clarify future research subjects of "Olympic Education" in Japan through examining research trends on "Olympic Education" in the English literature for over the last 10 years (2008-2017). Then, we explored the previous research of "Olympic Education" by using "SPORTDiscusTM with Full Text". As a result, 22 articles were extracted. Then, as a result of analyzing them from the viewpoints of purpose, content and method, the following conclusion were clarified. As a result of analysis based on the purpose, it was classified into 3 categories; "history study", "effect study", and "criticism study". Furthermore, as a result of analysis based on contents and method for each purpose, the following research trends were confirmed. In the "history study", we could confirm the research on the "Olympic Education" in the city both held and considered to hold Olympic Games. In the "effect study", the "Olympic Questionnaire" was utilized mainly on knowledge and interests concerning the Olympic Games and Olympism. In the "criticism study", it was focused on the "Olympic Education" that was trying to understand the ideal of Olympic without criticism. From these results, we pointed out 2 subjects for each purpose. These results suggested following research subjects to improve research on "Olympic Education" in Japan; 1) to accumulate historical studies on "Olympic Education" in the city both held and considered to hold Olympic Games, 2) to adopt the measurement tool which has been used internationally, such as "Olympic Questionnaire" and focus on various aspects to verify the effect of "Olympic Education" in Japan, and 3) to develop and conduct "Olympic Education" which include critical viewpoints of Olympism and examine the past practices in Japan with critical viewpoints. From now on, by tackling these subjects, it will be required the improvement of research on "Olympic Education".
This study focuses on the Hotokukai, an auxiliary organization of the Ministry of Home AŠairs, and aims to clarify the concept of the promotion of physical education for the Young Men's Association planed by the Hotokukai. First, the Hotokukai sought to encourage physical education for young people to cultivate physical strength and contribute to manual labor. Characteristic of the view of physical education in Hotokukai youth education was the encouragement of physical education that beneˆtted lives through the link between labor and physical education. To investigate methods of encouraging physical education, the Hotokukai held conferences on matters to be executed with respect to such encouragement. The conferences were attended by Hotokukai trustees and external experts on physical education, education, and medicine. Finally, the Hotokukai compiled the results of these conferences and published matters to be executed with respect to encouraging physical education in Shimin. These matters to be executed listed details of concepts related to physical education for the citizens of the country and physical education in schools, as well as concepts to encourage physical education in the Young Men's Association.
Social problems caused by young people, such as youth violence, internet addiction and so on, are causing more and more attention in China nowadays. In order to solve those problems, it is needed to strengthen school education. Past researches from Japan and United States have indicated that physical education (PE) is an effective approach for character building, providing students experience of group accomplishment and selfefficacy through physical activities.
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