A Gram-negative, motile and egg-shaped bacterium, strain TF-218 T , was isolated from a tidal flat at Daepo Beach (Yellow Sea), Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic analysis. Strain TF-218 T grew optimally at pH 7.0-8.0 and 37 6C in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl. It contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C 18 : 1 v7c and 11-methyl C 18 : 1 v7c as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified lipids and an aminolipid. The DNA G+C content was 64.9 mol%. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain TF-218 T is phylogenetically closely related to the genera Phaeobacter, Leisingera and Marinovum of the Alphaproteobacteria. The phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic similarities suggest that strain TF-218 T represents a member of the genus Phaeobacter. DNA-DNA relatedness data and differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic distinctiveness, demonstrated that strain TF-218 T differs from the recognized Phaeobacter species. On the basis of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain TF-218 T represents a novel species of the genus Phaeobacter, for which the name Phaeobacter daeponensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TF-218 T (=KCTC 12794 T =JCM 13606 T ).

A Gram-negative, motile, aerobic and oval-or rod-shaped bacterial strain, DS-56 T , which is phylogenetically closely related to the genus Devosia, was isolated from soil from Dokdo, Korea. Strain T grew optimally at pH 6.5-7.5 and 25 6C in the presence of 0.5 % (w/v) NaCl.A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain DS-56 T joins the cluster comprising Devosia species, at a bootstrap resampling value of 100 %.The levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain DS-56 T and the type strains of recognized Devosia species ranged from 95.4 to 96.4 %. Strain DS-56 T contained Q-11 as the predominant ubiquinone, unlike Devosia species, which contain Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone. The novel strain also contained some fatty acids, including branched and hydroxy fatty acids, that are not detected in Devosia species. The DNA G+C content of strain DS-56 T was 66.2 mol%. On the basis of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain DS-56 T

A Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, slightly halophilic bacterial strain, DSW-5 T , was isolated from seawater off Dokdo, Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. It grew optimally at 25-28 6C and in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl. Strain DSW-5 T contained

A Gram-negative, non-motile and rod-shaped Loktanella-like bacterial strain, T , was isolated from seawater of the East Sea, Korea, and its exact taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. Strain DSW-18 T grew optimally at pH 7.0-8.0 and 25 6C in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl. It contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C 18 : 1 v7c as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The DNA G+C content was 56.8 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain DSW-18 T fell within the cluster comprising Loktanella species. The levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain DSW-18 T and the type strains of recognized Loktanella species ranged from 94.4 to 98.4 %.The DNA-DNA relatedness data and differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic distinctiveness, demonstrated that strain DSW-18 T was distinguishable from recognized Loktanella species. On the basis of the phenotypic, phylogenetic and genetic data, strain DSW-18 T represents a novel species of the genus Loktanella, for which the name Loktanella maricola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DSW-18 T (5KCTC 12863 T 5JCM 14564 T ).

Three Gram-negative, yellow-pigmented, rod-shaped bacterial strains, SMK-12T, SMK-36 and SMK-45, were isolated from a tidal flat sediment of the Yellow Sea in Korea, and their taxonomic positions were investigated by a polyphasic approach. The three strains grew optimally at 25–30 °C and in the presence of 2–3 % (w/v) NaCl. They contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 1, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH and C16 : 1 ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH. The DNA G+C contents of the three strains were 34·7–34·9 mol%. The phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the three strains form one distinct evolutionary lineage supported by a bootstrap value of 100 % within the family Flavobacteriaceae. The three strains exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity levels of 93·8–94·9 % to the nearest phylogenetic neighbours, the genera Algibacter, Bizionia and Formosa. On the basis of differences in phenotypic characteristics and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strains SMK-12T, SMK-36 and SMK-45 were classified in a novel genus and species, for which the name Gaetbulibacter saemankumensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain for the novel species is SMK-12T (=KCTC 12379T=DSM 17032T).